My Walk with Nature :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Walk with Nature In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie noticed while living in the Everglades that some(a) of the Indians started leaving the township and heading east. She also noticed that the animals started to scatter as well. Janie asked one of the Indians why they were leaving and he said that there was a hurricane approaching. The park ranger that manoeuvre us on the slough slog informed the class that this is a fact. The animals as well as the sawgrass know when hurricanes are approaching. The Indians these years know when a hurricane is approaching as well. Yet, these days they most likely find out from the weather channel reports on their big-screen TVs in their casinos instead of analyzing whether or not the sawgrass is blooming It would incur been interesting to have had class this Friday to see for ourselves if the blooming of sawgrass is indeed a fact now that Hurricane Michelle is approaching. Last Friday there was an copiousness of animal sprightliness by dint ofout our slough slog since there was no hurricane threatening our coast. Two deer sprinted across the road as we were driving through the tollbooth and I scared Jose Antonio half to death as I screamed upon seeing them. He jumped up in his seat thinking I had crashed into something and was protruding to see that I was only enthusiastically pointing out a couple of deer to him. A mob of black vultures formed a roadblock on our way to the slog. I was delighted to see numerous cricket frogs, both green and brown. We could have held an apple snail bobbing contest with all the apple snails adrift(p) on the surface. I constantly had to untangle myself from spider webs that the colorful crab spiders spun between the sawgrass. Dozens of swallows sped across the sky. Anoles firmly grasped onto their sawgrass as we stampeded through their habitat. Crayfish swam circles almost my feet each clip the ranger stopped to point something out for us. Mosquito fish n ibbled at my fingers as I sat on a submerged cypress tree having our book discussion. Plus, Im for sure that for every animal that I saw there were probably a hundred more I missed. Would things still look the alike(p) this Friday? Or have the animals started evading Hurricane Michelle? My Walk with Nature Personal Narrative WritingMy Walk with Nature In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie noticed while living in the Everglades that some of the Indians started leaving the town and heading east. She also noticed that the animals started to scatter as well. Janie asked one of the Indians why they were leaving and he said that there was a hurricane approaching. The park ranger that guided us on the slough slog informed the class that this is a fact. The animals as well as the sawgrass know when hurricanes are approaching. The Indians these days know when a hurricane is approaching as well. Yet, these days they most likely find out from the weather channel rep orts on their big-screen TVs in their casinos instead of analyzing whether or not the sawgrass is blooming It would have been interesting to have had class this Friday to see for ourselves if the blooming of sawgrass is indeed a fact now that Hurricane Michelle is approaching. Last Friday there was an abundance of animal life throughout our slough slog since there was no hurricane threatening our coast. Two deer sprinted across the road as we were driving through the tollbooth and I scared Jose Antonio half to death as I screamed upon seeing them. He jumped up in his seat thinking I had crashed into something and was relieved to see that I was only enthusiastically pointing out a couple of deer to him. A mob of black vultures formed a roadblock on our way to the slog. I was delighted to see numerous cricket frogs, both green and brown. We could have held an apple snail bobbing contest with all the apple snails floating on the surface. I constantly had to untangle myself from spid er webs that the colorful crab spiders spun between the sawgrass. Dozens of swallows sped across the sky. Anoles firmly grasped onto their sawgrass as we stampeded through their habitat. Crayfish swam circles around my feet each time the ranger stopped to point something out for us. Mosquito fish nibbled at my fingers as I sat on a submerged cypress having our book discussion. Plus, Im sure that for every animal that I saw there were probably a hundred more I missed. Would things still look the same this Friday? Or have the animals started evading Hurricane Michelle?

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Teachers Educational Essays

My Philosophy of Education I always get asked why I am a chemistry major if I have no intention of working in industry. My sarcastic verbal answer is that I must non like having free time, or getting credit for four hour-long labs. The real reason is because I have a passion for education, especi whollyy in the sciences. Children argon our future and as such need to be educated. I believe one of the key reasons why the United States is the great nation that it is today is because of the educational opportunities that we offer the masses. This way, we have a larger pool for our leaders of tomorrow to be pulled from. It is our job as teachers to educate these masses and even if they dont become the leaders of tomorrow, they be going to fulfill important roles in society. We owe the American Dream to the younger generations they deserve not only the opportunities that we had, nevertheless even more opportunities. I would like to see every child pursue th e path of success and tap into their unlimited potential. While this is a howling(prenominal) dream, it is not realistic. Due to many factors such as, but most certainly not limited to learning disabilities, substance abuse, violence, incurable diseases, inadequate family involvement, not all students will come close to their actual potential. Above and beyond giving children an education in our field, we are to help them overcome these problems and to succeed in life. By giving a child an education, we are giving them a future. There are many ways in which we can overcome many of these problems. scholarship disabilities are becoming less of a disadvantage these days due to in and out of class support and diverse teaching methods. By supply to multiple intelligences and helping students find their niches in school, we are helping them stay away from drugs and violence by giving an alternate venue to express themselves. Students are usually better off if they have a family that is actively involved and supportive of their education. As educators we must plan programs for those students who are deficient in this area, we must also be supportive and supply the students with a conducive environment for education.

Delegation :: Business, Empowering Delegation

Managers coffin nail empower workers by delegating to them. mission involves the assignment of work to other people, and it is an activity inherently associated with all managerial positions (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Effective management kindle be attained through agency. Therefore, a manager must decide when to delegate. Advantages and the Potential Outcome of DelegationLearning to delegate effectively is fundamental to managers success in the workplace. A competent delegator stool empower others maximizing the organization effectiveness and efficiency. Whitten and Cameron (2007) identifies the following advantages of delegation clip, development, trust, commitment, information, efficiency, and coordination (p.467).TimeDelegation can improve managers ability to get things done. Delegation increases the discretionary clipping of the manager by freeing up some time (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). A manager schedule can be extremely hectic and the pressure can be ov erwhelming due to demands. Managers can increase their time to focusing on other task that is highly prioritized and require the manager complete attention through delegation. Not being inventd and never meeting deadline are qualities that can injure ones reputation, for the manager can be viewed as less efficient and effective in management. Through delegation, the manager can compact more out of the day.DevelopmentDelegation can increase workers effectiveness. It allows delegates to develop knowledge and capabilities (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Through delegation, workers can be challenged and this can encourage them to develop their capabilities. They can naturally develop knew knowledge and the necessary skills to cope when they are challenged with tasks that are outside of their basic job duties. By encouraging such development, it can prepare employees for future assignments and promotions. Not only does delegation benefits the employee receiving the new task, but it also benefits the manager and the organization too by enhancing effectiveness. TrustDelegation can care managers build a positive relationship with staff. It is a way of showing employees they are respected, for delegation demonstrate trust and confidence in delegates (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Delegation can empower employees, for when the managers seek assistance with a task it shows that the manager believes in them the manager is confident that that the employee can complete the task successful. Through trust, the manager can empower an employee to bring drive and initiative in the work. According to Whitten and Cameron (2007), individuals who felt trusted by t heir managers were significantly more effective than those who did non feel that way (p.

Reincarnation :: essays research papers

ReincarnationReincarnation is the whimsey that after death, ones soul keeps existing andis converted another person or animal. It keeps reborning until it redeems itself.Then it returns to the temple of god, which the Buddhists call "Nirvana" -eternal tranquillity. Two of the many ancient tribes who believed in spiritual rebirth are the Greeks and the Egyptians.Karma, the belief that our actions determine our future, is one of thefoundations of reincarnation. For example, a person who lived a sinful life willreturn, after death, as an animal, as opposed to a person who lived an unreservedlife, who will return as a person.Despite the resistance of many Jewish leaders, reincarnation also played arole in Judaism imputable to the Kabala who developed this idea. Some Jewishphilosophers even believed that a soul of a sinner great deal enter a live mans bodyand "posses" him. special(a) rituals were used in order to "cure" the man.T. Gomertz, a famous philosopher , thought of three very good reasons why oneshould believe in reincarnation1. It is believed that dreams are attempts of the soul to live the body. If thisis true, than the soul can leave the body and it does so when a person dies.This also means that a soul can exist without a body.2. If we assume that the soul dies with the body it is connected to, than wewill have to assume there is an endless number of souls which is improbable.3. Matter is enduring and, therefore, so is the soul. If the soul exists afterdeath, hens it had existed before birth.Gomertz believes the origin of this belief is in India, where it wasbelieved that every action had a hidden reaction, other than the obvious one.This reaction is obscure at first and is only later revealed, sometimes even inthe next life.Reincarnation in Different Cultures and ReligionsJudaism In this religion, it was believed that a sinners soul can posses aliving man. This is called an Obsession but its actually very similar toreincarnat ion.This belief only exists in Judaism. It appears repeatedly in "The Glow"which is a book compose in the 16th century. This book claims that every soulhas its purpose / mission. If this mission isnt completed, the soul returns toearth and possesses someone. It stays in this state until it either completesits mission or is banished by special rituals which are performed by the Rabby.This belief was most popular in the 16th century. At that period, in someparts, every illness was considered an obsession.

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline Erosion Es

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline ErosionAt its simplest, shoreline erosion is the result of the combining of processes, both natural and manmade, by which shoreline and beaches are damaged or lost. For this discussion, wetlands are also included. There is an ongoing debate over the best way by which to preserve beaches, shorelines, and wetlands. Conservation extremists argue that limiting or restricting land use, and restoring damaged property with tax money represents the most prudent answer to shoreline erosion. include in this position is the inherent role of government intervention to preserve Americas shoreline. There are many problems with the conservation position, and many advantages to the set up solution --- private development and corporate funding.The most damaging factor to Americas shoreline is that of poorly planned development in environmentally flimsy coastal areas that lead to erosion and various forms of pollution. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers estimated in 1971 that 40% of the total shoreline of the lower 48 states was experiencing significant erosion. Wind and wave do associated with high tides are the cause of natural erosion. Damming rivers restricts the flow of eroded rock, which is the source of much sand (Rhinehart, 1997). These factors are best addressed by infusions of venture jacket applied with sound business principles and sensitivity for environmental concerns.Sound planning by the private sector is essential. The number of people living within 50 miles of the U.S. coastline rose from 61 million to 130 million between 1940 and 1988. More than 50% of Americans currently live within 50 miles of the shoreline, but the figure is pr... ...ions mustiness Be Repealed.www.mcaffre_seleg.wa.gov (2001).Spencer, H. (2000). Seawalls Bring on Raging Debate in Washington State.www.beachbrowser.com Development-Protecting Seawalls Debated.www.hosey-chehalis river council index.htmlRhinehart, J. and J. Pompe (1997). Entrepreneurship and Coastal Resource Management. The Independent Review, vol. 1, No. 4. pp.543-559. Skousen, Mark (1999). The Battle for Diamond aim A Case for Market Failure?The Freeman.Works CitedCoping With Shoreline Erosion in the Caribbean.http//www.unesco.org/csi/act/cosalc/shore-ero.htm. Online. Available. 23 March 2002.Nepf, Heidi. Longshore Drift. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000.Streambank and Shoreline Erosion Management Measure.http//www.epa.gov/OWOW/NPS/MMGI/Chapter 6/ch6-4.html. Online. Available. 23 March 2002.

Inner and Outer Beauty :: Sociology, Power, Attractiveness

Beautiful is a praising and admiring description which most people would love to strike about themselves. Although some people believe inner beauty is more important than outer beauty, the truth is that most people love outer beauty. As stated by Emerson, if eyes were made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being (Ralph Waldo Emerson, par. 28). People not only want to be beautiful, that they also tend to seek physical attractiveness. In fact, this is a culture consumed by beauty and attractiveness (Bennett, par.3). From mass fairy-tale stories and Hollywood movies, most people commence l introducet the stereotype of being beautiful is good and being ugly is bad. The stories and movies always show attractive actors and actresses defeating wicked, ugly villains. This strong stereotype, which powerfully influences each persons concept of beauty, causes people to believe a beautiful person is more successful and superior. Dr. Herron states that the Beauty = Power signifie rula is deeply entrenched in our psyches (Herron 109). To be sure, beauty is a capital power which can determine and improve ones life (Bennett, par. 1) since it can influence the clubs they join, the friendships they make, the people they marry, the jobs people get, and the salaries they earn (Berry 3). Attractive people are able to have many advantages and positive outcomes, such as having more popularity, greater confidence, more dating opportunities, more promotional chances, and higher salaries (Patel, Utpal, and Rebecca, par.4). Being attractive is important nowadays because it affects peoples interpersonal relationships and workplace experiences.First of all, attractive people are more in all likelihood to have better relationships in societies. The author of the article Womens Beauty Put Down or Power Source? mentions that beauty is a form of power (Sontag 94), which is true, especially in building relationships. To have good social and interpersonal interactions, the essen tial factor is physical attractiveness (Patel, Utpal, and Rebecca, par.1). Of course, inner beauty is necessary, plainly most people would not want to understand and know others deeply who are unattractive or give an unpleasant first impression. For example, I am one of those people who choose their friends by their good looks, and I would say even though some of my friends are plain, none of them would be categorized as homely. In fact, attractive people can have more benefits and positive outcomes than plain or unattractive people in interpersonal relationships.

Just Kids by Patti Smith

Patti metalworker calls the book, Just Kids, a memoir rather than an autobiography. Her book is almost poetic in nature and written in a beautiful and engaging way. From the first pages, the reader is drawn to her words and imagery. In describing one of her first memories, that of a swan on a pond, she says, the river emptied into a wide lagoon and I saw upon its surface a singular miracle. A long curving be intimate rose from a dress of white plumage.There are, of course many facts nearly her life as a young, starving guileist but mainly speaking she is giving the reader many feels about her life rather than a chronology of the events in her life. The author, Dave Thompson, has written a more factual biography of Patti smith in the book, Dancing Barefoot The Patti Smith Story. In analyzing an excerpt from this biography, the reader is left with a somewhat different picture of Patti Smith. In it he describes sanely vividly and in almost a clinical way a less romanticized famil y life.Here the reader finds out that her father was almost non-existent when she was growing up because he was out working to support his family. Her mother, one learns, is a serious Jehovah Witness. This is a very important point because it gives an important insight into how religion whitethorn have shaped her poetry and art in the future. It is interesting that in Just Kids, Patti Smith is very realize in mentioning how her partner, Robert Mapplethorpe is very influenced and almost traumatized by his devout Roman Catholic family.This religious aspect of her feature life is not as clearly defined in her memoir. Dave Thompson also mentions how many of the facts about Patti Smiths early jobs are distorted in her memoir and lets the reader conclude that perhaps the facts are not quite the facts in her own book. Dan Lieberfeld, on the other hand, in his essay, Artistic Apprenticeship and Collaboration- Looking Back with Patti Smith, emphasizes the profound impact that Robert Mapple thorpe had on Patti Smith.In it, he describes how deep their connection was. In those early days in New York City, they were crucial to each others survival. They literally kept each other from starving by saving every centime they had from their poorly-paying jobs. His essay describes them as apprentices to each other as they each sought to become artists. As they supported each other, they also helped each other carry out their dreams of becoming true artists.The essay reflects many of the points and themes that Patti Smith describes in her memoir with great feeling and seems true to her descriptions of events that happened in her life. Patti Smiths memoir gives an impression of her life with Robert Mapplethorpe and how they both emerged as artists and gives a great picture of the bohemian life they led in the 1970s. Dan Liebermans essay confirms the fundamental principles underlying Patti Smiths memoir that Patti Smith and Robert Mapplethorpe were great friends who influenced each other.Dave Thompsons book puts into question some of the details of Ms. Smiths life. Does that make her contributions to the world of art and music any less important? Does it make the vivid descriptions of the chaotic art world any less real? The answer is a clear no. The reader may not agree with her lifestyle and even her art. The beauty of her words is real and authentically describes who she is. Whether she has embellished the facts or omitted some of them, it doesnt really seem to matter.

Horizontal Integration

Competition DG In pution, communication and multimedia Media Vertical and crosswise integ dimensionn in the media heavens and EU challenger law Miguel Mendes Pereira* The ICT and Media Sectors within the EU Policy Framework U. L. B. -SMIT (Studies on Media, Information and Telecommunications) CEAS-Norwegian School of Management, Oslo Telenor Broadcast Brussels, 7 April 2003 OUTLINE Introduction I. intersection and consolidation 1. Technical crossing 2. Economic product 3. Efficiencies II. Competition issues 1. The agonistical arna 2.Foreclosure 3. The dominance test III. Vertical integration 1. 2. 3. 4. The gate-keeper issue Foreclosure of input merchandises leverage Network effects IV. Horizontal integration 1. General assessment 2. The Newscorp/Telepiu slip 3. The EMI/ epoch Warner case V. Remedies 1. The vestibular sense amid efficiencies and foreclosure 2. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case 3. Remedies in the cases Vivendi/Seagram/ supply Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Tim e Warner Conclusion * Administrator, atomic number 63an guardianship/DG Competition/Media Unit. Lecturer at the Law School of the University of Lisbon.The opinions expressed be purely personal and altogether engage the author. Vertical and horizontal integration in the media domain and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira Ladies and Gentlemen, I wish first of all to thank the SMIT pore and Telenor for inviting me to speak here today. I intend to give you a brief overview of the competition issues pass water groundd by upright and horizontal integration of companies in the media sector. I will start by referring to the convergence trend in the media and telecommunications sectors and its link to the concentration wave we have witnessed during these past three years.I will then cotton up the main competition issues which this type of summonss raise from a theoretical point of view. I will subsequently address the issues linked specifically to vertical as well as to horizonta l integration, and conclude by illustrating how the European commissioning has dealt with these problems by means of remedies accepted as a condition for the citation of this type of concentrations. In so doing, I will refer to a number of cases recently assessed by the Commission such(prenominal) as AOL/Time Warner, EMI/Time Warner, Vizzavi, Vivendi/Seagram/ television set channel Plus and, decided just last week, Newscorp/Telepiu.I. CONVERGENCE & INTEGRATION Convergence has sour all too familiar to nearly of us as mavin of the main driving forces behind the recent changes occurred in the media and telecom industries. However, as it so frequently happens with notions that turn into buzzwords, the many meanings attributed to the term convergence are a lot ambiguous and, as such, unhelpful in vagabond to describe the evolution of the media and telecom industries. Let me therefore turn, first of all, to the two meanings of the term convergence that I consider to be most relev ant from a competition law point of view. . Technical convergence Technical convergence mainly concerns the possibilities offered by digital technology. Those possibilities are reflected, for example, in the infra-structures required to deliver circumscribe like movies or medicine. With the current digital technology, huge amounts of data may be communic able to a high number of users through unlike interlockings ( ready networks, net income, satellite). This allows for the dematerialization of media products traditionally sold as physical products ( spic-and-spanspapers, films, CDs) by transforming them into packages of bytes.At the same time, digital technology allows for the convergence of traditionally separate media into a single product, putting together text, sound, video and voice in what has give way k instantaneouslyn as multimedia. Access to TV broadcasting, or rather webcastig, on the internet is already nowadays a reality and listening to an MP3 medicinal drug fi le on a cellular phone is zero point new. 2. Economic convergence Audio-visual products were neer cheap but the growing competition induced by the proliferation of TV channels has inflated production costs. For example, the by now famous saga The Lord of the Rings has had reported costs of 278 million.In order to have an idea of the recent increase in the damage for audio-visual hearts it is sufficient to compare, for example, the price paid for broadcasting rights of the Football World Cups of 1990, 1994 and 1998 241 million ECU with the price paid for the same rights in respect of the World Cups of 2002 and 2006 1,7 billion Euro. Only large companies cope with to be able to afford such astronomical costs. 2 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira In face of economic barriers of such dimension, media companies have shown a trend towards concentration. . Efficiencies What appeared to be particularly new about these alliances and unions in the media industry was the search of not lone several(prenominal)(prenominal) the traditional economies of scale but, above all, the search of economies of scope. This translated into an attempt to use the same product in a number of disparate ways pure delight and telecommunication, or entertainment and information, or information and telecommunication. From an economic point of view, economies of scope basically translate in lower Average Total Costs as a result of producing a wide range of products.The main feature of this type of concentrations is the vertical integration of the different levels of production and dispersion of media products that go outs to companies which are able to, for example, produce films or medicinal drug, register them in DVDs or CDs and apportion them not but to brick and mortar shops but likewise through the cable, satellite or liquid telephony networks they own. Vertically compound companies are in a sight to exp loit their products at every single level of the valuate chain. Create Once, govern Everywhere seemed to be the motto for the media industry during the earnings bubble, illustrating the need for media producers to place their products in the largest possible number of different platforms. This was the underlying reason for alliances and spinal fusions between companies which are active in sectors of the economy that used to be separate like television and telecommunications. Operations like AOL/Time Warner, Vivendi/ ecumenical, Vivendi/Vodafone for the setting up of portal Vizzavi or the acquisition of Dutch entertainment producer Endemol by the Spanish telecom company Telefonica clearly illustrate this trend.It should be said that, to a large extent, the ratio underlying some of these operations was a deep faith in the earnings potential and a strong belief in the synergies resulting from cross-supply between different technical platforms belonging to the same vertically integ rated company. The burst of the dotcom bubble showed how some of these expectations were possibly premature. We now start seeing some of the vertically integrated groups selling off some of their units (AOL/TW or Vivendi/Universal) and witness consolidation caused by heavy losses incurred during these past few years.Such is the case of the pay-TV industry, as illustrated by the merger in Spain of the platforms Canal Satelite and Via Digital and the merger in Italy between the platforms watercourse and Telepiu, approved by the Commission just last week. After a extent of huge vertical integration, we now witness a reflux of horizontal integration dictated to some extent by financial reasons. II. COMPETITION ISSUES 1. The agonistical arena Turning now to the competition issues raised by integration of companies, the first step required in order to understand the forces at turn tail is to determine the perimeter of the competitive arena.What do media companies postulate for, whom do they try to sell their products to and how do they intend to do it? Media companies compete for essentially three things. First, they compete for content, which is what they will ultimately sell to their customers. Access to content produced by third parties or the establishment of production facilities is a sine qua non condition for entering or staying in business. Secondly, they compete for the best way to deliver such content to customers. Access to delivery channels owned by third parties or 3 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M.Mendes Pereira the happening to establish their own paths to the customer is what allows media companies to distribute their output. Finally, they compete for the evident ultimate addressee of all this competition the customer. But this is a contest which goes beyond the obvious competition for a onetime sale. Some of the businesses in the media & telecom sector (e. g pay-TV, meshwork feeler), like most IT-driven businesses, are based on a durable relationship with the customer. An established customer pedestal allows for the progressive festering of new services and products and for the consequent increase in ARPU1.Access to potential clients managed by third parties or the build-up of their own client basis is the ultimate target of media companies. 2. Foreclosure Foreclosure of the competitive arena is a central concern of EU competition constitution in relation to vertical agreements and mergers. Restricted rile to input merchandises (copyrights or contents) or to sales markets (customers, at retail level) may limit inter-brand competition. The extreme example is where a company, as a result of a vertical or horizontal integration, succeeds in simply barring the access to a given market to its competitors.However, in real life foreclosure does not arise in such simplistic terms and mostly materialises by indirect means. For example, by raising rivals costs, by raisin g barriers to entry or by engaging in tying/bundling. binder is particularly relevant in the media and telecom sectors given that it is often present in explicit (and in most cases, legitimate) commercial offers for example, a bundled offer of pay-TV and net income access, or twain plus fixed telephony (so called triple play). The capacity to raise rivals costs may easily arise where a overabundant firm is in a piazza or acquires such position as a result of a concentration) to reign the access by competitors to a given infra-structure or input (a technology or a copyright) and where it has the possibility to charge supra-competitive prices for such access. In the media sector one could think about, for example, access to a satellite platform for TV dispersion or to a proprietary standard for Conditional Access System. A company in these circumstances is normally referred to as a gate-keeper. A central element in the assessment of market forcefulness of a company and its po ssibility of foreclosing a given market is the concept of barriers to entry.Where entry barriers do not exist, easy entry will quickly eliminate the problem, even where the incumbent holds large market shares. Entry barriers business leader be described as the advantages of established sellers in an industry over potential entrant sellers, these advantages universe reflected in the extent to which established sellers can persistently raise their prices above a competitive level without attracting new firms to enter the industry2. Although in most cases barriers to entry will indeed have an economic nature, they may in some cases assume opposite forms.Regulation may function as an entry barrier when it provides for the establishment of special rights, for example when only a limited number of passs is foreseen. This is the case of terrestrial TV and/or radio broadcasting due to spectrum scarcity. 3. The dominance test Most competition law issues tie in to vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector have been dealt with by the European Commission under the Merger Regulation, i. e. in respect of concentrations notified under the EC Merger Regulation3. As 2 3 1 Average Revenue per User.J. Bain, Barriers to Competition, H. U. P. 1965, p. 3. Council Regulation (EC) No 4064/89 of 21 December 1989 on the control of concentrations 4 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira you know, pursuant to clause 2 (3) of the Merger Regulation, a concentration which creates or strengthens a dominant position as a result of which effective competition would be significantly impeded in the common market or in a substantial part of it, shall be declared incompatible with the common market. The test applied by the Commission when assessing these operations was therefore a dominance test. The concept of dominance used under the Merger Regulation is equivalent to the one defined by the Court of Justice in Article 82 cases The dominant position () relates to a position of economic strength enjoyed by an undertaking which enables it to prevent effective competition being maintained on the relevant market by giving it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of its competitors, customers and ultimately of its consumers4. () such a position does not winnow out some competition, which it does where there is a monopoly or quasi-monopoly, but enables the undertaking which profits by it, if not to determine, at least to have an appreciable influence on the conditions under which that competition will develop, and in any case to act largely in discard of it so long as such go does not operate to its detriment. 5 III.Vertical integration The reason why vertical integration is a particularly relevant competition issue in the media sector is because many media companies have during these past years actively sought to take vertical integration as far as possible. This has been a const ant between undertakings, OJ L 395/1, 30. 12. 1989, as amended by Council Regulation (EC) No 1310/97 of 30 June 1997, OJ L 40/17, 13. 2. 1998. ECJ, United Brands, case 2/76, ECR 1978 207. ECJ, Hoffman-La Roche, case 85/76, ECR 1979 461. eature of the concentrations in the media sector assessed by the Commission. The multiplication of the presence of a company throughout a number of markets along the value chain of the product concomitantly multiplies the possibilities for such a company to foreclose one or more of the corresponding markets where the company possesses market power. In these circumstances, vertical integration may in itself raise barriers to entry. A number of recurrent competition issues has arisen in the cases dealt with by the Commission, and I propose to address the most significant ones. 1.The gate-keeper A gate-keeper role is played by a company possessing a certain infra-structure, technology or know-how allowing it to exert a significant degree of control in r espect of the access to a given market. This degree of control is relevant from a competition point of view only where the market power of the gate-keeper is significant and where the infrastructure is a life-or-death gateway to the market or where the technology at stake is an essential input for any potential new entrant. A gatekeeper will be able to engage in exclusionary practices vis-a-vis its competitors and/or excessive pricing vis-a-vis its customers.A clear gate-keeper issue arose in the recent Newscorp/Telepiu case6, concerning the merger of the two Italian pay-TV platforms Stream and Telepiu. As a result of the merger, the new entity would compose the gate-keeper in respect of the access to the only satellite platform in Italy for the provision of pay-TV dissemination services. Furthermore, it would become the gate-keeper in respect of a number of technical services associated to 6 Case COMP/M. 2876 Newscorp/Telepiu. See prior notification notice in OJCE, C255, 23. 10. 2002, p. 20 press release IP/02/1782 of 29. 11. 2002 press release IP/03/478 of 02. 4. 2003. 5 4 5 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira pay-TV such as Conditional Access Systems, set-top boxes and Electronic Programme Guides. A gate-keeper issue also arose in the AOL/Time Warner merger7 approved in the year 2000. AOL was the leading Internet access provider in the US and the only provider with a presence in most EU fraction States. Time Warner, on the some separatewise hand, was one of the worlds largest media and entertainment companies with interests in TV networks, magazines, arrest publishing, music, filmed entertainment and cable networks.The Commission lay down that the new entity resulting from the merger would have been able to play a gate-keeper role and to dictate the technical standards for on-line music delivery, i. e. streaming and downloading of music from the Internet. Consequently, AOL/TW could end u p holding a dominant position on the emerging market for on-line music delivery. This could happen in two ways. First, AOL/Time Warner would be in a position to develop a closed proprietary formatting technology for all the downloads and streaming of Time Warner and Bertelsmann tracks.The formatting language of AOL/Time Warner could become an industry standard and competing record companies wishing to distribute their music on-line would be required to format their music using the new entitys technology. Because of its control over the relevant technology, the new entity would be in a position to control downloadable music and streaming over the Internet and raise competitors costs through excessive license fees. Alternatively, AOL/Time Warner could format its music (and Bertelsmanns) to make it compatible with its own software Winamp nly, ensuring at the same time that Winamp could clog up and play different formats used by other record companies. By formatting its music and the m usic from Bertelsmann to make them compatible with its own software Winamp only, the new entity would cause Winamp to become the only player in the world capable of playing virtually all the music available on the Internet. By refusing to license its technology, the new entity would impose Winamp as the dominant music player as no other player would be able to decode the proprietary format of TW and Bertelsmann music.As a result of the merger, the new entity would control the dominant player software and could charge supra-competitive prices for it. 2. Foreclosure of input markets A given company may hold a significant degree control over the source of the different businesses at stake in the relevant markets, i. e. of the primary input at the top of the value chain of the product. In the media industries, this will generally refer to the company producing the audio-visual product (films, music, TV-programmes) and/or holding the corresponding copyrights.The control exerted at the so urce will become relevant from a competition law point of view where the amount or breadth of products and/or copyrights is such as to allow the company to gain a competitive advantage by means of exclusionary or discriminatory practices vis-a-vis its competitors. In AOL/Time Warner, for example, the unifyd entity would not only possess one of the largest music libraries in the world (Warner medicine is one of the 5 music majors) but would also, due to contr unquestionable links, have preferential access to the depository library of Bertelsmann Music Group, also part to the group of the 5 music majors.This would result in the combined entity controlling the leading source of music publishing rights in Europe. 6 7 Case COMP/M. 1845 AOL/Time Warner, decision of 11. 10. 2000, OJ L 268/28, 9. 10. 2001. Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira The problem was exacerbate due to the simultaneous notification of the projected merger between EMI and Time Warner8. The preferential access by AOL/Time Warner to the music copyrights of EMI, Warner and Bertelsmann would have put in the hands of the new entity half of all the music content available in Europe for on-line delivery.A similar problem arose in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus9 merger in respect of both music and films. Vivendi was a leading company in the telecommunications and media sector, with interests in agile telephony networks, cinema production and distribution, and pay-TV services. Seagram was a Canadian company which, among other interests, controlled the Universal music and filmed entertainment businesses. In terms of content, the merged entity would have the worlds second largest film library and the second largest library of TV programming in the EEA.It would also be number one in recorded music combined with an important position in terms of publishing rights in the EEA. The position of Vivendi/Universal concerning music rights became partic ularly relevant in respect of the Vizzavi portal, a portal run by a joint-venture between Vivendi and Vodafone. The Vizzavi joint-venture10 had itself been notified to the Commission just some months before the Vivendi/Universal merger. 3. Leveraging A classic competition concern is the leveraging ability of the parties, i. e. their ability to transpose their market power in a iven market into a neighbouring market, thereby creating or strengthening a dominant position. This problem may become particularly acute in cases where the parties extend their activities into different product or services markets, something that is explicitly sought for by media companies wishing to distribute their products across different platforms. In the Vizzavi case, the grounding of the jointventure raised concerns in respect of the ability of the parties to leverage their market power in the market for vigorous telephony into the market for mobile Internet access.The stated purpose of the Vizzavi p ortal was to create a horizontal, multi-access Internet portal, providing customers with a range of web-based services across a variety of platforms (PCs, mobile phones, TV set-top boxes). As regards Internet access via mobile phone handsets, the issue arose in respect of the significant market position of Vodafone in the market for mobile telephony in a number of European countries (and of Vivendi in France). Vodafone and Vivendi already had a very significant customer basis in these countries and therefore a solid path to the future customers of the JV was already established.On the basis of their client basis for mobile telephony services, the position of the JV-parties in the market for mobile Internet access would be strengthened by the Vizzavi branded and integrated approach to Internet across various platforms, which would allow for cross-selling and bundling of offers. This would allow the new entity to leverage a strong position in the mobile telephony market into a dominan t position on the mobile Internet access market.As regards Internet access via TV set-top boxes, a similarly solid distribution channel was also owned by Canal+ in respect of its customer basis for pay-TV services. A similar concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of Canal+ leveraging its strong market 7 Case COMP/M. 1852 Time Warner/EMI, see Press disengage IP/00/617 of 14. 06. 2000. 9 Case COMP/M. 2050 Vivendi/ Seagram/ Canal Plus, decision of 13. 10. 2000, OJ C 311/3, 31. 10. 2000. 10 Case COMP/JV. 48 Vodafone/Vivendi/Canal Plus, see Press Release IP/00/821 of 24. 07. 2000. 8 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira position in the pay-TV market into the market for Internet access via set-top boxes. The overall concern therefore arose in respect of the ability of both Vodafone and Canal+ to migrate their customer basis from the mobile telephony and pay-TV markets to the Internet access markets by using the alread y existing distribution channels. Another clear vertical leveraging issue arose in the Vizzavi case, as regards the buying power of the J-V parties.already before the operation, Canal+ was an important buyer of content for pay-TV, such as TVprogramming, sports and films. Furthermore, it had a large customer basis accustomed to pay for content. The Vizzavi portal would combine a powerful new Internet access mechanism with paid-for content. Given the dominant position that the parties would acquire on the Internet access markets which I mentioned before, the operation would allow the parties to leverage their market power in the markets for Internet access into the market for the acquisition of paid-for content for the Internet.Moreover, the structural link between Vivendi and Canal+ and AOL France (55%) do the concern in respect of the increase in the bargaining power of the parties even more serious. The leverage allowed for by the operation would naturally work in detriment of the parties competitors in the markets for mobile telephony and pay-TV. The concerns identified in the Vizzavi operation were strengthened when Vivendi and Canal+ notified some months later their acquisition of Seagram, the Canadian company owning the music and film business of Universal.The Commission considered that Canal+ would further increase its dominant position on a number of European pay-TV markets at national level. Already before the operation Canal+ enjoyed an almost monopolistic position in respect of the acquisition of the exclusivity on Hollywood films produced by the major studios (in France, Spain and Italy). The acquisition of Universal Studios would further strengthen Canal+s position as purchaser of Hollywood films, not only in respect of Universal itself but also in relation to other studios due to underlying financial links.Due to the vertical integration of Universal and Canal+, Canal+ would be able to leverage its position in order to secure the renewal of the e xclusive agreements for pay-TV with all of the Hollywood studios and in fact also to enter into new deals. The bargaining power of Canal+ vis-a-vis the film studios would therefore be increased, allowing Canal+ to further foreclose the payTV markets where it already was active. 4.Network effects Let me now turn to another issue that often arises in media cases, most notably since convergence with the telecom industry became a reality network effects. A network effect may, in simple terms, be described as the self-multiplying power of a network. In economic terms, a network effect occurs when the benefit of an individual who is linked to the network increases with the accession of other individuals. In AOL/Time Warner, the Commission found that the distribution strength of AOL combined with the content of Time Warner and Bertelsmann would create network effects n respect of both content providers and consumers for content providers, the AOL Internet lodge would become an essential outlet for the distribution of their products on their side, consumers, would be deprived of any incentive abandon AOL. The network effects would work both ways more dealrs would bring more content and more content would bring more subscribers. Newcomers would also be attracted to AOL community because the 8 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira arger the community, the more the possibilities to chat and communicate through AOL. The reason for this lies at the critical mass of content owned by Time Warner and Bertelsmann (namely their huge music library) combined with the huge Internet community formed by AOL subscribers and the members to its flare Messaging services. The critical mass of content owned by TW and Bertelsmann would attract further music from other record companies. Competing record companies would feel obliged to distribute their products through AOLs online outlet, which would end up having access to all the available music.Furthermore, AOL would be able to bundle TW and Bertelsmann music content (or filmed entertainment content) with Internet access and other proprietary services and give its subscribers preferential access to that content, allowing for instance its subscribers to access new releases before they were made public through other distribution channels. Attractive content such as music or films could also be used as promotional tools or loss-leaders in order to subscribe to Internetaccess services.Consequently, the more subscribers AOL would attract, the more important it would become as a carrier for content providers seeking to secure maximum distribution. First mover advantages are particularly strong in network industries. It comes as no surprise that, for example, mobile telephony companies give away, or strongly subsidise, mobile handsets to their customers such as to quickly establish a significant customer basis leading to increasingly stronger network effects. This circumstance justifies a particular attention by the Commission when assessing concentrations in the media & telecom industries. The conclave of network effects with a strong market position may significantly raise barriers to entry and consequently lead to market foreclosure. IV. Horizontal integration Competition problems which are specific to the media sector are more likely to be found in cases of vertical integration than in cases of horizontal integration.I would argue that in cases of horizontal integration, the competition issues arising in the media sector are equivalent to the ones to be found in any other sector. The issue basically concerns classic market power and the required exercise translates into measuring such market power with the help of the traditional analytical tools market shares, barriers to entry, and so on Furthermore, there havent been that many examples of problematic cases of horizontal integration in the media sector dealt with by the Commissio n.The two most significant examples are probably EMI/Time Warner and the recent Newscorp/Telepiu. 1. The Newscorp/Telepiu case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 16 October 2002 and was cleared on 2 April 2003, further to the submission by the parties of an extensive package of undertakings. Newscorp, the acquiring firm, is a global media company, which is active in the film and TV industries, publishing (newspapers and books) and a number of other areas.It controlled the Italian (satellite) pay-TV platform Stream jointly with Telecom Italia. Telepiu, the acquired firm, was controlled by Vivendi Universal, itself a global media group. Telepiu is the dominant pay-TV operator in Italy. Its platform started operating via parallel of latitude-terrestrial means in 1991 and went on satellite in 1996. The markets affected by the operation were a) the market for pay-TV services b) the markets for the acquisition of contents, namely 9 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira G G G G premium films football events other sports TV channels. parties music recording publishing11 businesses. and music It should be underlined that experience shows that some of this content, namely premium films and football, is crucial for the success of any pay-TV operation. The notified operation would give rise to significant horizontal overlaps and would have a very strong bear on on actual competition.In more concrete terms, the operation would lead to a) the creation of a unspoiled monopoly in the Italian market for pay-TV b) the creation of a near monopsony in the markets for the acquisition of rights Furthermore, the characteristics of the markets at stake would cause entry barriers to rise significantly. 2. The EMI/Time Warner case This concentration was notified to the Commission on 5 May 2000. It never materialised given that, further to a statement of objections issued by the Commission, the parties with drew their notification.Time Warner is a global media company, with interests extending from film production and distribution to TV production and broadcasting, cable systems operation, magazine publishing, book publishing, recorded music and music publishing. EMI is a company incorporated in the UK, its main activities being music recording and publishing world-wide. The notified concentration involved the combination of the There were serious doubts as to the compatibility of the proposed operation with the common market due to the significant horizontal overlaps in the relevant markets.The assessment carried out by the Commission showed a very high likelihood of the operation resulting in a single dominance of the merged entity in the music publishing business and collective dominance, jointly with the other four remaining music Majors, in the market for recorded music. V. Remedies Having gone through some of the competition problems raised by vertical and horizontal integration in the media industry, let me now conclude by explaining how the Commission has tried to solve these problems.The Commission had to achieve a balance between two somehow conflicting elements on the one hand, the Commission was aware of the reasons that lead companies to seek further integration, namely where these reasons were related to clear efficiencies on the other, it became aware of the serious competition problems to which some of these concentrations gave rise, namely the risk of foreclosure of the affected markets. The approach taken by the Commission was therefore not to prohibit most of these operations but rather approving them on the basis of strict undertakings proposed by the parties and accepted as a condition for the approval.However, the Commission can only accept commitments by the parties when the 11 Music publishing consists of the acquisition by publishers of rights to musical works and their subsequent exploitation upon remuneration, mostly in the form of a commission charged by the publisher to the author on the revenues generated by the commercial exploitation of musical works. 10 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira competition problems are effectively solved.In fact, the underlying objective of any remedy package should be to create the conditions for actual competition to subsist and/or for potential competition to emerge. This aim must be achieved by lowering barriers to entry in the affected markets and through the creation of competitive constraints which effectively operate as a disciplining and restraining factor of the dominant player. The main concern of the Commission in media-related cases was to ensure access, access to the relevant markets or access to those crucial elements allowing for new entrants to establish themselves in those markets.In parallel, the Commission has often imposed divestitures or the severance of structural links that aggravated the fore closure problems. 1. Remedies in the Newscorp/Telepiu case In Newscorp/Telepiu, the undertakings accepted by the Commission can be divided in three major groups a) access to content, via namely a reduction in the duration of exclusivity agreements with premium content providers and the establishment of a sub-licensing scheme through a wholesale offer b) access to infra-structure, i. . access to the satellite platform for pay-TV distribution as well as to the technical services associated with pay-TV c) withdrawal from terrestrial broadcasting activities. As regards access to content, with respect to ongoing exclusive contracts, a nonreversible termination right shall be granted to film producers and football clubs. Furthermore, the new entity will waive exclusive rights with respect to TV platforms other than DTH12 (terrestrial, cable, UMTS, Internet etc. ).The parties shall also waive any other protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH. With respect to futu re exclusive contracts, the new entity shall not subscribe contracts exceeding two years with football clubs and three years with film producers. The exclusivity attached to these contracts will only cover DTH transmission and would not apply to other means of transmission (for example, terrestrial, cable, UMTS and Internet ). Furthermore, the parties shall waive any protection rights as regards means of transmission other than DTH.Lastly, the merged entity shall offer third parties, on a unbundled and non-exclusive basis, the right to distribute on platforms other than DTH any premium contents if and for as long as the combined platform offers such premium contents to its retail customers. Such wholesale offer will be made on the basis of the retail minus principle and will imply an beak separation and cost allocation between wholesale and retail operation of the platform. The beneficiaries of the wholesale offer shall be free to determine their own pricing policy.As regards acces s to the infra-structure, the merged entity shall grant third parties access to its satellite platform and access to the application program interface (API) and conditional access system (CAS), according to a fair non-discriminatory pricing formula. The new entity will also have the obligation of entering into simulcrypt agreements in Italy as soon as reasonably possible and in any event within 9 months from the written request from an interested third party. As regards the withdrawal from terrestrial activities, the merged entity shall divest of Telepius digital and analogue terrestrial 2 Direct To Home satellite. 11 Vertical and horizontal integration in the media sector and EU competition law M. Mendes Pereira broadcasting assets and commits not to enter into any further DTT activities, neither as network nor as retail operator. The frequencies will have to be acquired by a company ordain to include pay-TV broadcasting of or more channels in its business plan for the operation of the divested business after the switchover from analogue to digital terrestrial television broadcasting in Italy. . Remedies in the Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, Vizzavi and AOL/Time Warner cases In Vizzavi, the project of the parties provided for the Vizzavi portal to be the default portal on Vodafone and SFR mobile phone customers, as well as on Canal+ set-top boxes. The Commission imposed the possibility of customers changing the default portal on their devices, as well as the possibility of competing telecom operators accessing the customers devices.This commitment by the parties prevented them from bundling their offers on a fully exclusive basis and prevented them consequently from leveraging their market power in a way such as to gain dominant positions in the markets for Internet access and Internet portals. In Vivendi/Seagram/Canal Plus, the parties undertook to grant access to Universals music content to any third party on a nondiscriminatory basis, therefore reducing the concerns in respect of the Internet portals market and the on-line music market.The parties also undertook not to offer more than 50% of the Universals film production to Canal+, thereby reducing the concerns in respect of the foreclosure by Canal+ of the pay-TV markets. As regards the severance of structural links, Vivendi undertook to divest from BSkyB in which it held a 25% stake. The severance of this link to Fox, namely through their joint venture UIP for the distribution of films in Europe, significantly reduced the impact of the acquisition of Universal.In AOL/TW, you may recall that the competition concerns started at the source, due to the breadth of music copyrights that the new entity would control. Warner Music, combined with Bertelsmann music due to crossed shareholdings, and in addition the EMI library (should the EMI/TW merger be approved), would put in the hands of the new entity a huge amount of content that rendered the gate-keeper role played by AOL in respect of music player software and the network effects resulting from the AOL community as serious competition concerns. The abortion of the EMI/Time Warner merger already reduced significantly the competition concerns.Therefore, the attention of the Commission was focussed on the structural link between AOL and Bertelsmann in AOL Europe and AOL France. In this respect, AOL undertook to put in place a mechanism pursuant to which Bertelsmann would exit from AOL Europe. Once solved the problem at the source, the other concerns were partially dissipated. As regards online music delivery, AOL also undertook not to take any action that would result in Bertelsmann music being available online exclusively through AOL or being formatted in a proprietary format that was playable only on an AOL music player.Conclusion If I had to sum up the Commissions approach in three words as regards competition in the media markets, they would certainly be access, access and access No matter how far media compan ies integrate, vertically or horizontally, access is crucial. Access to inputs, access to contents and access to infra-structure remains fundamental in order to ensure the freedom of choice by the ultimate addressee of competition policy the consumer. Thank you for your attention. 12

Jazz and Popular Music Essay

Despite the rapid evolution of untaught practice of medicine in the U. S. , it was not before the creation of Acuff-Rose Publishing that landed estate music became one of the central elements of musical advancement in the country. The rise of Acuff-Rose Publishing is closely associated with and is considered as one of the drivers for positioning Nashville as one of the country music centers in America and where country performers and song writers sought to establish themselves in the world of music, Acuff-Rose readily gave Nashville an outlet for the fledging country songwriters.Record executives unploughed Nashville in contact with the New York scene (Malone, 1968). To a large extent, the creation of Acuff-Rose Publishing by Fred Rose and Roy Acuff was the turning point in the crop of moving country music into masses. The new musical enterprise was able to establish close ties with ASCAP and BMI studios, which turned country music into the source of enormous net profit (Peckno ld, 2007). The popularity of country music and country songwriters depended on the way Acuff-Rose managed to collect and distribute the most promising pieces of country singing.It should be noted, however, that the development of Acuff-Rose and the rapid popularization of country music produced two-fold effects on the one hand, Acuff-Rose publishing actively worked to promote the relevance of country music on the other hand, talented country music performers promoted positive business image of Acuff-Rose, which in its turn served to help professionals and beginners in country music to reach beyond traditional regional music markets (Malone, 1968 Pecknold, 2007). subsequently during the 1950s, the bluesy and gutsy style of music that had originated from Acuff-Roses country singers became the determining feature of country singing across several American states. Acuff-Rose has caused a strategic lean in public perceptions with regard to country music, making it a never ending source of inspiration and a reliable basis for generating continuous profits.It was cod to country music that Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, and Jerry Lee Lewis became the critical figures of the American musical Olympus, with country sound being the distinctive feature of their style and the essential role of their professional appeal and emotiveness.

Case Study for Midsouth Chamber

In continuance of the case of Midsouth chamber of Commerce, the organization has appointed Sage Niele as a pertly Vice chairwoman of Operations and Chief Financial Official of the company. During her initial period, she looked back and contemplated about the decision she had made to accept the positions and her reasons behind it. aboard with her internal investigation, the backstory of the significant players in the preceding case was told. The organizations difficulties with finding a transcription to replace UNITRAK was described in the case.Throughout their search, the company has undercoat DMAs computer software as an alternative to UNITRAK. When the new system was implemented, plenty of flaws and glitches were found that formd several difficulties for Midsouth Chamber of Commerce. With MSCCs signed contract with DMA, they have completelyowed DMA to choose over and handle the installation and support of the new system. The decision made it difficult for MSCC to recover t he system by the end of the case. This left Sage Niele, the new Vice President, tried to find new ways to repair the damage d whiz to an already defective system.Un noniced Mistakes in Midsouth Chamber of Commerce This reexamine of Midsouth Chamber of Commerces memoir, exposed a number of problems and errors found with the organizations information systems and as well as its management. First was with the implementation of UNITRAK system. When the UNITRAKs president, Greg Ginder, was invited to give a short demonstration of the systems capabilities, Ed Wilson Vice President of Public Affairs of MSCC have agreed with Leon Lassister Vice President of Marketing/Membership to procure and implement the UNITRAK software without completing the demonstration and testing the UNITRAK system.That quick decision later lead to discovering several problems with the UNITRAK system. The system could not fulfill requests for lists and labels for mailings. The word processing, payment and invoicin g, data changes, and list management were very difficult during that time. With Koveckis frustration with UNITRAK software, he was not cooperative with Lassiter. He does not give him information regarding the conversion of the new system and he was not very helpful with the staff members because he always try to avoid them.Issues with the system remained and later on the UNITRAK experienced financial problems and filed for bankruptcy. With no technical support for the system, MSCC decided to hire an outside consultant, Zen Consulting, to help assist in the aliment and support of the software. After UNITRAK, came the implementation of Data Management Associates (DMA) software. An otherwise decision was made quickly in implementing a new system. tool Gramen, the new Systems Analyst, failed to read and fully understand the contract provided by DMA, which outlined what DMA were willing to provide and what MSCC must guaranteed.The contract was signed by the president of the company, s ea dog Wallingford, without being reviewed by any other staff member or the corporal counsel. Troubles have raised with the implementation of DMA software. DMA encountered substantial problems converting the membership database from UNITRAK into the DMA custom software package. MSCC and DMAs working relationship deteriorated due to many problems not being fixed and the omit of cooperation with DMA.From this research, MSCCs history was reviewed and specified questions were answered to analyze and gather facts that seems to cause problems to Midsouth Chamber of Commerce. Firstly, the organizations poor operational decisions for their information systems. There was no opinion or guidance from an experienced information system professional. Secondly, the need of proper evaluation of the research. Even if a research was performed for the new system, a research that was not reviewed, was not enough to quantify the decision to implement a system.Lastly, the mistake of not checking the c ontent of the business contract. In any organization, it is essential that a contract needs to be reviewed by all the staff members, corporate counsel, and officers before it could be signed and implemented. Based on all the facts gathered from the research, MSCC must work on having a slap-up and effective communication with all the stakeholders. This would avoid poor decision, unevaluated research and contract that later lead to future pitfalls and mistakes. MethodThe case was examined thoroughly to determine the cause of difficulties and errors with the organizations information system. The history of Midsouth Chamber of Commerce was investigated and reviewed by the author to understand how well the organization manages their information systems. Several questions were gathered and carefully answered to strategically associate the findings and analyze the issues. Results The review of Midsouth Chamber of Commerces history and the answers for the specified questions helped gathere d facts to analyze what were the real problems and what causes it.The outcome of the study have identified the following problems organizations poor operational decisions for their information systems lack of proper evaluation of the research and the mistake of not checking the content of the business contract. Discussion As mentioned, having a good and effective communication is very essential in every organization. The purpose of this study was to show what the organization was lacking, that made them experience numbers of difficulties with their information systems. Also, to examine what can be done to resolve it.With the problems identified in this case, the main cause was found and it was the lack of good communication between the stakeholders. The decision to purchase an unreliable systems like UNITRAK and DMA, the research and contract not being reviewed prior to signing and implementation of the systems, all boils down to MSCCs poor communication. Why lack of good communica tion was the important finding of this case? According to ManagementStudyGuide. com Thus, we can say that effective communication is a building block of successful organizations.In other words, communication acts as organisational blood. The importance of communication in an organization can be summarized as follows 1. Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the employees about the task to be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. 2. Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions.3. Communication also plays a crucial role in altering individuals attitudes, i.e. , a thinking(a) individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual. Organizational magazines, journals, meetings and various other forms of oral and written communication help in model employe es attitudes. 4. Communication also helps in socializing. In todays life the only presence of another individual fosters communication. It is also said that one cannot survive without communication. If Midsouth Chamber of Commerce would apply this finding to their organization, there would be a possibility to salvage their current and future information systems.

Internal Conflict in Barn Burning by William Faulkner Essay

The works Barn Burning by William Faulkner and The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck at first glance may seem to have no connection, scarcely in spite of divers(prenominal) plot they focus on similar ideas.The story Barn Burning by William Faulkner discusses the upcountry conflict within Sartoris Snopes, a young male child who faced a dilemma. He tries to make a decision of choosing mingled with to lieing in the court under his baffles pressiure who does non want to get into the jail and acting against his begin by telling the truth. The main character is influenced by Abner, his father, who tells him, You got to l pass to capture to your own rakehell or you aint going to have slightly(prenominal) blood to stick to you. ( P 496). I trust this quote reflects the main issue of the story, which is more or less blood ties. And we clearly see how Sarty is affected by these blood ties. Faulkner depicts the inner conflict and dilemma that the main character faces.We start to und erstand the moral dilemma of the main character from the beginning of the story. I think Faulkner make us think about the question at what point should a person make a choice between what his parents and or family believes and his own values? The situation in which Sartys conflict is developeded is a trial. In this trial Sarty is asked, I reckon any boy named for Col anel Sartoris in this country cant help but tell the truth, can they? ( P 154). The young boy, Sarty, somewhere deep in his subject matter has a feeling that he wants to act in a right way, but as he is oly 10 years old, I think it is aphonic for him to make firm decisions.His feelings and thoughts are influnced by his father, who pressures him, trying to prevent himself from punishment in the court. We also understand that Abner makes his son struggle with himself by the way Sarty describes him. Abner does non speak much. We see this in the way he communicates with his family and other characters. He is a person wi th so much pride that he is ready to do anything to revenge those who do something wrong to him or try to own him, even if he has to work the law. The choice that a young boy has to make stands between his family and conscience.When Sarty Snopes considers that he has to make a decision of choosing between blood, which is his duty to his family, and his own morality.Sartys father stesses the value of loyalty to the family. He states,thatif he does non stick to hi blood, he will not have any blood to stick to. Sarty tries to make himself believe this and even starts a fight with a boy for insulting his father.At first Sarty wants to be a moral person. He is very very upset that he has to lie speaking to the judge, but he is still going to do that, knowing his father wants him to do so. As Sarty respected Abner for his values, he thought he could back up him. The boy believed his father was a brave man in the war, and that he wanted to send a warning beforehand with a slave so that n o one was hurt.The battle between hearing to his own heart and deciding to follow his family is the hardest struggle of Sartys life. He understands that it is not correct to agree with his fathers suggestions, but he is not interested in disreputing his father by disagreeing with him. The author explains that if he was older he would resist the world and try to substitute the course of its events ( P 379). Sarty learns that he does not necessaruly need bulk in irder to refuse Abner at first he defends his father, but finally his decided to listen to his heart, which wants to help those who were harmed by obstinate and dogmatic Abner.Sarty warns the people in the big white house and goes down the road. Soon Sarty hears a a few shots, and he thinks that his father and brother are caught by the landlord and are shot by him. Regardless of what indeeed happened, he understands he can never return. The boy just continues to walk, and he does not look back. At this arcminute Sartys bloo d ties are broken, and he gets rid of the fear of his fathers wrath. The main character is lighten now. But his freedom requires paying some price. I think that the boy still feels some kind of blood tie, described by the author, and he make this choice with a lot of feelings on both sides of the issue.Sarty still cares for his family in some intellect, he still feels love towards his father, even though he understands that what his fathers deeds are wrong and he really had to stop them and cease to be a part of them. The fact that the boy is not adequate to(p) to come back home is not a question of hischoice, I think he just canont go back. So, Sartys heart still suffers from some conflict that is not really resolved, even though the situation has really changed. As I have already discussed, at the beginning of the story Sarty feels a strong allegiance to his father, however, finally we learn that his views change radically.The point of culmination is at the end of the story whe n Sarty has warned Major de Spain of Abners intentions to burn the barn. I think that the main character experiences the burst of emotions, running down de Spains drive and hearing Majors horse galloping behind him. The resolution to the conflict comes when Abner and his aged son are shot. But the real solution happens at night after Abners death, when Sarty is sitting upon the crest of a hill thinking about his actions and future life.Faulkner proves us that it is impossible to sruggle with ones own heart . The moment when Sarty decided to choose morality over the blood pool and warned the de Spains revealed his true character. Though this meant the death of his father, Sarty didnt regret of warning de Spain. Instead, it looked like the boy was trying to subsitute his memories of his father by some honorable, good person, who had strong convictions.In his story The Chrysanthemums John Steinbeck also reveales the conflict of a human heart, which is connected with womens unfulfilled needs and desires. The author stresses that as human beings we have to apprise each other, otherwise eventually we will make our lives dark and tragic. The main character, Elisa Allen, is frustrated with her present life. She is plagued with no children and her husband is not able adore her romantically as a fair sex. The only thing that helps her to calm down is her flower garden where beautiful chrysanthemums grow. Steinbeck shows Elisas thoughts nad feelings about her inner self by depicting those chrysanthemums.The story presents the idea that appreciation by the people who we love is an element of human existence. When Elisa was acknowledged by her husband, said, maybe I could do it, too. Ive a gift with things, all right. My mother had it. She could stick anything in the ground and make it grow ( P1261). At this moment the woman feels her husbands appreciation for commenting on her wonderful flowers.This idea of recognition is shown by John Steinbeck to demonstrate the ne ed for a felling of acceptance. Feeling a strong need for acceptance, Elisa turns to a stranger and makes attempts to be appreciated. While Elisa talks to this stranger, their conversation connects to the realm of Elisas flowers. Elisas eyes grew alert and eager. She couldnt have known much about chrysanthemums. You can raise them from a seed ( P 1264). This depicts Elisas happiness and passion, as she has an opportunity to be appreciated through her flowers again. By undestanding the value of Elisas flowers, the stranger really accepts the woman, as her flowers are in some sense the expression of herself.They are everything Elisa possesses, being sometimes valued by her husband and also being valued by the stranger. her eyes shone. She tore out the battered hat and shook out her dark pretty hair ( P 1264). In this quote we see that Elisa opens her heart up to the stranger. She tore off the hat to free herself from the work which was not appreciated, and revealed her real beauty t o the stranger. By acting so, Elisa is prepared herself to get the gratitude from the stranger, the gratitude that she did not receive much from her husband. .After the tinker departs, Elisa is looking forward to her evening with her husband. She hopes Henry will recognize her needs as a woman and provide her with the philander and passion which she desires. But this hope is quickly broken. The best best compliment on her appearance that Henry makes after she has changed is, You look strong enough to break a calf over your knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon ( P 393). This unflattering comment on her appearance does not do much for Elisas ego as a woman nor toward her feelings toward her husband. Elisas hope is finally destroyed, as she finds the flowers on the road.The woman feels that her nous is completely emptied by the tinkers thoughtless rejection of her feelings. Just like her husband, he has failed to value the qualities that make her unique as a woman. This e xemplary act has vanished her hope. Elisa realizes that her life will not change. Henry will not fully appreciate or understand her femininity and sexuality. She has to l earn to be content with suchunthoughtful husband and her awful marriage. She realizes that her devastation is really complete and leaves her crying weakly-like an old woman ( P 394).The chrysanthemums stand for the image of Elisas role as a woman. At the beginning they symbolize her children, later they represent her femininity and sexuality. Elisa feels that her life destroyed her soul because she lacked children and romance in her marriage with Henry. Eventually, her husband fails to appreciate her feminine qualities and her emotional needs. The encounter with the tinker reawakens her sexuality and Elisa starts to hope that she still has a discover for a more exciting and romantic marriage. However, seeing the flowers on the road she realizes that there will not be any changes in her life. Finally, her soul is devastated by such a miserable and uhhappy life.I think that in contrast to the inner conflict, which Faulkners Sarty experienced at the beginning of the strory and resolved at the end, Steinbecks Elisa faced different situation. She had some hopes that her life will go in the desirable way, but all her expectations failed.In my opinion, in spite of the conflicts which different natures, both authors proved in their works that if human heart comes into the conflict with itself, it brings suffering. But I think that it is worth to suffer like Sarty for the sake of firmness of purpose the conflict however, life turns into the tragedy, when the conflict, like in Elisas case, is the final of a persons dreams and expectations.Bibliography1.Faulkner, William. Barn Burning. Bedford Introduction to Literature. Boston Bedford/St.Martins, 2002.2.Billinglea, O. Fathers and Sons The Spiritual point in Faulkners BarnBurning. Mississippi Quarterly The Journal of Southern Culture 44.3 (Summer 19 91).3.Fowler, Virginia C. Faulkners Barn Burning Sartys Conflict Reconsidered. College Language intimacy Journal 24.4 (June 1981).4. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. Fiction A Longman Pocket Anthology. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. Second Ed. New York Longman, 1998.5.Beach, J. John Steinbecks Authentic Characters. Readings on John Steinbeck. Ed. Swisher, Clarice. San Diego Greenhaven, 1996.

Green Computing Research Essay

The Green Computing research project is well underway and we have to select a research tool that will servicing with quality control. The choices are Cause and effect diagrams, control charts, Run charts, scatter diagrams, histograms, Pareto charts and flow charts. I am a huge fan of statistical analysis however it is not one of the seven tools we have to acidulate with. Therefore, I have chosen the Pareto Chart method acting to help with our quality control.A Pareto Chart will allow us to look at vigour consumption over a period of date and break it down to what was the major factor leading to the increase or decrease. Therefore, we can evaluate changes made in hardware and processes and see which ones had the greatest or worst effect over that period. This will help to satisfy Ben and Itos concerns for the projects quality research and fulfill the companys goal of reducing costs, increase profit margin and at the same time becoming greener.This project should be fairly easy to map out. We will simply take a detailed analysis of the zip consumption of periods of time and therefore look to see what variables made different periods greater or less than others. The Pareto principle is sometimes referred to as the 80-20 rule (Schwalbe, 2011) where 80% of the problems are caused by 20% of the causes. This could also be considered inversely where 80% less energy consumption can be attributed to 20% better habits.This method can also easily be translated into a flowchart over time, allowing us to focus in on the energy consumption for processes, equipment and times of day. Once the problems or benefits are identified processes can be developed to act on them accordingly. The use of this method will help to break out the consumptions for the project police squad and leadership in a simple to follow diagram, that can be used in the decision fashioning process.The Pareto tool works well when the processes can be easily categorized into benefits and detriments. O nce the processes are categorized, then they can be prioritized. This is where the whole leadership team gets involved, to include the stakeholders. Then these prioritized categories can be made into a hierarchical structure with substance and value.This Pareto analysis chart is rather easy to produce in Microsoft Excel, which is a good thing because I am fairly competent with the process using MS Excel. We simply put in a duck the consumption values during the determined period of study and then turn it into a chart and you have a visual of the consumption periods. We can then find the highest consumption periods and compare them to any changes or patterns differences from the lower periods. Then these values can be re-charted in another analysis chart to visually compare the major causes of energy consumption. In conclusion, the Pareto analysis will allow us to identify the major energy consumption issues or the major energy conservation savings factors and allow us to prioritize them in a hierarchical manner. Then the decision making process can begin to work to reduce the overall costs and save energy at the same time.

Consultation with Hostile Corporations -Case Essay

Lilys interview with Hostile Corporations Summary Lily Advisors, a consulting firm based in Maryland, Washington DC, working with multi-disciplined teams for discrete projects, had a consulting agreement with Green Acres inform System in Northern Virginia to resolve or so issues arising from the reflection of two new high instills. Unseasonable rains, contractor delays, weather issues, disagreements between architects and the school come on were some factors contributing to the delays.With his extensive roles and experience, the school board hired Merv, President of Lilys Advisors, to advise them about how to come about under their tense circumstances Merv investigated the situation and submitted a confidential document, on the First High School this was in February 1999. The performances to date of Meyerhoff, the main contractor and Stewart and Sons, the architectural firm, were critically evaluated.The major findings were that Stewart and Sons failed to control the scheduli ng right and that it was making an unusually large profit for its administrative function. Merv was familiar with Stewart & Sons and was able to write about their methods of execution. The school board asked Stewart and Sons to renegotiate because of the findings of the discipline, but gave them the impression that it was based on the construction delays. The content of the report remained undisclosed. later two months of truly difficult negotiation, all groups signed an amended contract on June 30, 1999. All major issues were settled and they were able to proceed to the construction of the second high school. The new amended contract had raise delays as the groups found that the excessive compromising that was done was becoming irksome. The school board had thought Stewart and Sons was very uncompromising and aggressive. Disagreements continued between the school board and the construction and architectural firms during the next eight months.At this point, Stewart and Sons deci ded to hire Lily as a consultant. Stewart had worked with Lily before. They met and Merv disclosed that he had submitted an evaluation of the contract to the school board in a document, after making a proposal on September 24, 2000. The negative aspects of the report were never revealed. Sam Shapiro, the architects lawyer, contacted Merv about the document submitted and the potential contradict of interest which could scrape but Merv denied every mesh of interest.Shapiro and the representatives from Stewart gave Merv a contract to sign for his services on November 8, 2000. The situation go on deteriorated during the next 4 months and the school board sued Stewart and Sons. The lawyers representing Stewart and Sons saw the confidential document, as was required by the law. This shock Stewart and Sons as they viewed the document as impugning the companys integrity and honesty. Stewart and Sons viewed it as a case of conflict of interest and not one with just the potential.Merv be lieved otherwise. He explained that he recognized a potential conflict of interest and devised measures to prevent it. Merv was convinced of his flawless strategy and believed he had insulated the teams sufficiently to avoid this and, in any case, the construction of the second school was a new project. Stewart and Sons informed him that they would not pay the $102,500 that was due on the contract. After contemplating the amount of money to be spent on the case, he decided to proceed to put forward otherwise.

Tale of Two Coaches

Running Head Tale of Two go-cartes and lead Tale of Two riges and leaders Randal J. Reutzel solemn Ceveryon University LDR 600 October 27, 2011 Abstract trailing and hotshotership seem to be syno(prenominal)ymous with each other, in that if youre a high caliber coach you must be a nifty poke step uper, how else would you confound achieved your success. magic spell coaching in the NCAA division 1 b charteretb alto imparther the goal is to supercharge national championships, while withal universe a mentor to your students. trackby dub is a great basketb all in all legend at Indiana, with a past of outrageous unacceptable behavior to the fans and to players, while withal having one of the best collegiate volumes of all time. go-cart Krzyzewski was also a great coach, was mentored by coach buck and went on to be a legend at Duke. learn Ks genius of coaching was less dramatic and to a greater extent heartfelt in his approach. Coach Ks was concerned for his players fe elings and his ardour of ca utilisation his players centered on less dramatizations on and off the court.both Coaches were successful one got into the heads of its players through domineering intimidation to be the best, the other through caring, talking and high levels of trust. Which coach is best depends on whom you ask and what perspective of coaching attractions style you prefer, or it could be a generational time divergence or simply opposite styles that feated and produced results. Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Leaders through time have on many occasions aligned their leadership styles to the great coaches either in the NFL or NBA.Does cosmos a great coach and the techniques used by coaches translate into what leaders or managers should be principal employees by? Two great coaches with NCAA basketball championships, one mentored by the other, can have very diverse approaches and still foil the results needed, winning seasons along with students who went on to great life historys and have great respect for their mentors and coaches. Coach Bobby dub led his squads through his relationship from a base of power. In the article from ESPN by mike Puma, Knight was known for his tirades against players, referees and reporters as fountainhead as his brilliance to win games.Knight led his police squads with pick up witness and nobody was second guessing his decisions, if they did it was with great conflict. He may have cherished to thaw the conflict but it was going to be on his terms. Knight led his teams with complete control from his speckle as the head of the team. He demanded certain expectations and rewarded this with play time or with sharp reprimands and punishment. His style was that of a managerial piece, he demanded respect in that he held the position of power and he alone would be the master of activities and routines and this would influence players and the ultimate outcome. Northouse, 2010) Coach Knight led his teams wit h a history of demanding on others what he could not accomplish as a player. He real a pattern of coercion that was show even off the court, by assaulting police during the Pan Am games or throwing chairs across courts. (Northouse, 2010) Coach Krzyzewski or K led his teams through his relations from a base of personalized power, with no mistake he was the head coach. Coach K was mentored as a player and assistant coach for the military down the stairs Coach Bob Knight.Although Coach K went into the military, he was not of military mind, and this may have last mentioned influenced his leadership signs. He dreamed of being a teacher not a military officer. (Bob Carter) What he learned from Knight was it took an unbelievable passion to be a leader, not Knights antics that put him into trouble to a greater extent often than not. Coach K lead his teams and to championships through his role as a leader by inspiring and energizing the team, taking ownership in their actions. Grant H ill said coach K had a centering of making people totally vested in the decision-making process, and that is what made him a great leader. Bob Carter) Traits of Coaching and Leadership some(prenominal) coaches had specific traits that lead them to success, although one coachs traits also lead to his demise while the other coach realized the passion needed and channeled his leadership spirit into more kindly acceptable patterns. Coach Knight and Coach K were twain intelligent and knew the intellectual construction of creating and leading great basketball teams. They show the ability to get talent and use that talent in different ways against different teams to win games and championships.Early in both coaches careers they knew what they wanted and what careers they wanted to pursue. To get to their end means of coaching they played the sport, learned from others and when through college level training. All of the training, and along the way making mistakes, they gained the conf idence within themselves and gained self-importancetism-esteem and self-assurance that they could make a difference. Coach Knight was abandoned the opportunity through the army as a coach to demonstrate his style of leadership was the chasten one.Coach K through the army was given the education, with his passion of basketball and mentoring from Coach Knight gained the self confidence to become what he wanted to be, a teacher and a coach. Determination for both coaches was that they wanted to be winners, leaders, and be a part of something great. Early in Coach Knights career even he stated that he hardly offered indentured servitude and unlimited practice. Early in Coach Ks career he was not an outstanding coach others did believe in him and he gained self confidence with good players at Duke.Coach K again is quoted he learned from Knight the passion and amount of preparation it takes to be successful. (Bob Carter) impartiality is the ability of a leader to live and lead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions. The ability to possess lawfulness should build confidence in your team. Integrity is probably where the two coaches will separate their styles of leadership. Coach Knight through the years did several things to disablement that integrity, through his actions in Panama or ways he degraded assistant coaches or lecturing teams with the use of props of soiled toilet paper.There were many times where his actions did not represent the role which he was given and he made little effort to change unless he was forced. Coach K built much of what he was on his integrity he stuck up for his players many times. Once his team was graded by the student paper, it was the fact that the paper portrayed the players as instruments of entertainment and ego lenity this infuriated the coach, which he later apologized. What Coach K stood for was a caring, communication and trust within the team, and that was what he wanted for the whole student body, and why his fan base was so strong.The last important trait style of leadership is the ability for a leader to seek out good pleasant social relationships. The leader should be thought of as friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and diplomatic. Coach Knight, I believe, started out his career with these traits as he had to, through time, over confidence and ego caused him to lose most of these traits. People would say if you only know him like I do, but it was reported that he was known to be rude, defiant and hostile. (Bob Carter) Coach K on the other hand was exponentially known for his trait as having social leadership skills.He said you have to feel what your players feel in order to be a leader. A former player and now a coach Quin Snyder said that you give up ego to be a part of something special. (Bob Carter) Ego can and will get in the way of great social ability to lead a team and be a part of a team. Coach K has been and will be remember for his greatness, he posses sed the most complete set of the 5 trait characteristics of a leader and it made him more accomplished and respected. Coach Knight lacked in the traits and his ego, temper, integrity came back to haunt him.He may be remembered more for his antics on and off the court than his record wins or development of players. The Three Skills of Coaching Success The three skills that are needed for success as a leader according to our reading from Robert Katz and Michael D. Mumford are Technical, Human and Conceptual. Through the levels of management different vehemence is required from each to be a great leader. In the office staff of the coaches, they needed to possess vertex management skills where human and abstract skills place more important than the technical aspects of the game of basketball.In the readings, both coaches knew the technical aspects of the game and surrounded themselves with knowledgeable assistances. Coach Ks emphasis was the human and conceptual aspects of his team and his responsibility to the school and its students. His kids needed to feel a part of something great and bigger than themselves and togetherness, this was present when coach K handed team phone numbers out and encouraged freshman to use them. (Mike Puma) Coach Knight demonstrated skills for the technical and conceptual skills he had an ability to always figure out the best approach to win games against many different teams.Coach Knight is on record for being the youngest coach ever to win 600 games. He struggled with the ability to exploit with people that did not match his style or demands of doing exactly everything his way. He continually abused players and assistant coaches, while also getting in trouble in foreign countries. Leadership Grid Comparison The leadership grid from chapter 4, developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, is basically a grid of different leadership styles with the two axis x horizontal placard is based for results and y- vertical is based o n concern for people.I believe from the reading that coach K and Knight developed strong leadership styles based on one premise for winning, or results. What they did was go somewhat teaching and leading the teams differently to attain those results. Coach K moved his leadership style around as he needed to according to the needs of players or the team. Based on his style he concentrated his style in the middle of the road, trying to balance the need to get work done and the team needs, but he strongly styled his effort in the direction of team management by surrounding his team with committed members and built relationships of trust and respect.Coach Knight directed his leadership style more as an authority-compliance manager. He expected things to be done his way, and everyone around him to carter to his needs, whether that was good for personal development or not. The win, and only the win, was what needed to happen and he stepped and plowed through anyone and by any controversi al tirade he had to get there. He even said in an interview that if youre being raped to lay back and enjoy it. I believe this was his way of saying to the interviewer about his tantrums which everyone just needed to put up with him.When he goes wild he wants to not be held creditworthy for his actions and for everyone to shut up. (Mike Puma) Contingency Model for Coaches The question presented were both coaches matched to their situation based on the model developed by Fred Edward Fiedler described as the contingency mode? I think the answer is both yes and no. The styles of leadership in this model are described as being a task actuate or relationship motivated leadership. From the reading both coaches were winning coaches, they both used different approaches to get the results.In this model Coach K was high on leader-member, but with strong tasks, and did this without enforcing his positional power. Coach K did well with this leadership style at Duke University. Coach Knight wa s more task structured, the requirements were recognize and spelled out and Knight controlled everything around him. When things got out of his control, people and team mates suffered and things did not go well for the coach. This goes against the model in some aspects in that if youre out of control the task relationship should work out better for this type of leader, but there are flaws in the model.This works well for mortal with specific tasks like fixing a part or cleaning a sink. In the situation of coach Knight it was more ambiguous in the tasks that needed to be accomplished. He could not big money with ambiguity and his temper showed as he took it out on other people and team members. (Northouse, 2010) Situational Leadership II The two coaches showed evidence from both readings that they practiced some level of situational leadership. Coach K demonstrated that he stood up for his players and they knew they could trust him.When he gave the ball to Laettner to stuff a bask et in the final seconds to win a championship he knew he had the skills and would get the job done. He wanted to win for the team not for himself and even said once, did you see their faces and how happy they are. (Bob Carter) Coach K led his team by the skills that the team had he did not change them, he developed them. Coach Knight, I believe, also led teams by development and using skills in the appropriate areas. He did it in a way of life of sheer work and drive to hone the skill in each person to exactly the beau ideal he wanted.When he did not get it or thought they were not giving enough, there were consequences for all around. Coach Knight was low on the supportive and directive behavior quadrant I do not think he felt comfortable or confident to manage from that perspective. (Northouse, 2010) He excelled from the more comfortable leadership position S2 with only fringes of S1 or S3, unless they were extremely successful. Path-Goal Theory The path-goal theory of leadersh ip is by understanding and leading people through enhancing performance and satisfaction and then focusing on what motivates them.For both coaches and for the entire player, the goal was to win games and that is what everyone wants. Both coaches had to go out and get potential players and those player and coaches began a dialogue on what both wanted and how they were going to achieve it. I believe that players that were coached by Knight knew his style and methods that he used to win games. Even today people say you dont know him like we do, meaning his methods to them were acceptable. Likewise, Coach K went out to get players and they knew what he was like and his methods.The players chose to go with the perspective school and accepted them based on learned knowledge. Both coaches led their players in a fashion that was in an achievement-oriented style to reach their highest potential for the best outcome winning games. The players with the desire of away locus of control probabl y liked Coach K style of leadership. The external locus of control the subordinate likes to feel more in control of their destiny and maybe take part in the decisions this would be a part of something special with players and Coach K.Coach Knight was a dominate leader and coach, in control of everything external locus of control players would believe more outside forces are in control. Directive leadership would be best for these types of players as they like the idea of someone taking control. Both teams coached by either Knight or Krzyzewski demonstrated the task characteristics as both coaches and players needed to be able to perform on the floor during a game with independence as things happen fast.Both coaches needed their teams to function on their own with a high degree of confidence. They would use the skills taught to them to win the game. References Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications Bob Carter, Krzyzewskiville, ESPN Classic. From http//www. espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Krzyzewski_Mike. html Mike Puma, Knight Known for titles, temper, ESPN Classic. From http//espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Knight_Bob. html