Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism

Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism Introduction Terrorism is one of the major challenges threatening the existence of societies in different parts of the world. Acts of terror have been in existence for centuries. Currently, governments are facing terrorism from domestic and transnational sources (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). Various scholars have tried to define the term terrorism, thus leading to numerous definitions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) define terrorism as â€Å"premeditated use or threat to use violence by individuals or sub-national groups in order to obtain a political or social objective through the intimidation of a large audience beyond that of the immediate victims† (p. 362). Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) further opine that modern terrorism is intended to cause harm to a particular society in order to comp el the targeted government to give in to their demands. Therefore, terrorists try to achieve their goal by circumventing democratic processes. Acts of terror may result in adverse economic and or human losses. For example, the al-Qaeda terror network advocates its supporters to attack critical economic centers. Gaibulloev and Sandler (2009) are of the opinion that such losses expose governments’ incapability to protect their citizens and assets. As a result, the public may lose confidence on their government. In addition to social impacts, terrorism has significant economic impacts on society. Therefore, it is imperative for the government to integrate effective mechanisms to curb this social ill. This paper focuses on the economic dimension of terrorism by describing and critically analyzing the economic concerns due to terrorism. Analysis Direct economic costs According to Johnston and Nedelescu (2005), terrorism has undergone significant changes over the past few years. Te rrorists are targeting civilians and business activities leading to substantial destruction of property and loss of life. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated the direct cost of the 9/11 terrorist attack to be $ 27.2 billion, which represents 25% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product. Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Local and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are some of the major avenues through which governments stimulate their countries’ economic growth and development. According to Alfaro (2003), both the developed and developing economies are increasingly offering incentives to foreign investors in order to attract them to invest in their countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More FDI has positive impacts on the host country’s growth and development efforts (Carkovic Levine, 2004). F irst, FDI results in the transfer of knowledge and technology to the host country, thus jumpstarting its economy. Terrorist attacks diminish the attractiveness of a particular country to investors, which arises from an increment in the degree of uncertainty with regard to foreign direct investments. Terrorism may result in the destruction of essential infrastructure. For example, the attack on London’s financial district in 1992 by the IRA terrorist group resulted in damages worth  £ 800 million. Additionally, the attack conducted on London’s railway network in July 2005 resulted in damages whose cost was estimated to be  £ 1 billion (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). Such destructions may lead to increment in the cost of operation. Moreover, investors may be forced to integrate private security measures in order curb terrorism, which may affect the productivity of a company adversely. Terrorism may also increase the cost of doing business, thus hindering a countryâ€⠄¢s economic growth. For example, companies may be forced to pay higher insurance premiums (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009). The aviation industry is one of the industries that have been greatly affected by insurance premium hikes. However, other sectors such as tourism, transportation, and the energy sector have also been affected (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). Secondly, firms may experience a challenge in their efforts to recruit the necessary workforce, which arises from lack of incentives to work in a country that is prone to terrorism. Therefore, the performance and productivity of companies may be affected adversely by terrorism. Considering the fact that investors are risk averse in their investment process, they may decide to redirect their local and foreign direct investments to countries that are not prone to terrorism. For example, the success of the European Union depends on the extent of the developed investor confidence. Disruption of investo r confidence is likely to lead to the member states experiencing low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) due to change in investment behavior. Moreover, lack of investor confidence may also lead to a decline in asset prices.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Economic concerns in the aftermath of terrorism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Johnston and Nedelescu (2005) further opine, â€Å"Falling investor confidence may trigger a generalized drop in asset prices and a flight to quality that increases the borrowing costs for riskier borrowers† (p.32). This aspect may adversely affect a country’s economic growth. Public spending Government spending is another major macroeconomic element that is influenced by terrorism. Government spending refers to the expenditure that is incurred by a particular government in the process of providing goods and services to the public. According to Gaibulloev and Sandler ( 2009), terrorism increases government spending in a number of ways. Governments are forced to increase their expenditure in an effort to implement various defensive and proactive actions to counter terrorism. Such campaigns may entail an effort to capture the terrorists. Herendeen (2008) asserts that investments on such security measures may crowd investment in some economic sectors such as health, infrastructure [canals, bridges and highways], and education. The 2001 terrorism attack in the US stimulated the US government to invest a substantial amount in research and development on military projects. Similarly, member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) increased their investment on counter-terrorism mechanisms. Therefore, governments shift their focus from economically productive sectors. According to a survey conducted by the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation in 2002, a 1% increment on military security spending, reduces a countries spending by 0.7% within five years. Terrorism in the less developed countries may also limit the amount of grants and donations received from the developed countries. This aspect arises from the fact that donors may develop a perception that their donations will be diverted to finance military projects rather than projects aimed at alleviating poverty (Gaibulloev Sandler, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to raise the funds necessary to counter terrorism, the less developed countries may adopt measures that might increase the rate of inflation. For example, governments might produce their domestic currency. According to Bruck (2007), public spending during the conflict period increases significantly. This trend continues during the years preceding acts of terror. As a result, a country’s macroeconomic stability is affected by the high rate of inflation and increase in the budget deficit (Bruck, 2007). Financial market According to Bruck (2007), financial markets play a critical role in a country’s economic growth as it stimulates the flow of investment capital and savings. As a result, production of products and services and continuous restructuring of a country’s economy are enhanced despite the fact that their financial markets are facing a major threat due to terrorism. According to Johnston and Nedelescu (2005), terrorism affects the operations o f financial markets in a number of ways. One of these ways entails disruption of the financial market infrastructure such as the communication systems. For example, J.P Morgan Chase and the Bank of New York are some of the major clearing financial institutions in the US. The two institutions were forced to relocate their operations to their backup sites after the 2001 terror attack. Their relocation was occasioned by the fact that their headquarters were located near to the World Trade Center, which was hit by terrorists. Disruption of operations in the two financial institutions forced the firms to resort to manual processing of securities and other financial transactions. This move led to significant delays in the process of clearing various financial transactions. Consequently, the degree of uncertainty in the financial institutions’ ability to address the customers’ liquidity needs was increased. Mueller and Stewart (2011) assert that terrorism affects the stabilit y of financial markets, and this aspect has adverse effects on stock prices. The 9/11 terrorist attack led to heavy disturbance in the global stock exchange market. For example, stock prices in the European stock market declined with a 9% margin. The decline in stock prices arose for the insurance, tourism, and the airline industries were affected adversely. The European stock market was also adversely affected by the Madrid bombings. The insurance industry is greatly affected by terrorism compared to the stock exchange market and the banking industry. For example, it is estimated that the US insurance industry incurred a loss of $ 30 and $ 50 billion following the 9/11 terrorist attack. Such huge financial losses may result in some companies going into bankruptcy, as the parties affected by terrorism may claim compensation, which the insurer might not be in a position to cover. Impact on supply chains Developing an effective supply chain is imperative in a country’s economic growth and the government should focus on three main facets of supply, which include information, material, and funds (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). After the 11 September 2001 terrorist attack in the US, the US government halted the country’s air transport system for four days. The decision to halt the air transport hinged on the need to tighten the country’s security measures. Immediately after the terror attack, the US government closed the border between Canada and the US. It is estimated that approximately 500,000 vehicles cross the border daily. Moreover, the volume of trade conducted through the border between Canada and the US is estimated to be $ 1.4 billion daily. Traders incurred opportunity cost due to the long waits. The automobile companies were the worst affected, which arises from the fact that the just-in-time supply chain was broken down. Moreover, companies that deal with perishable goods experienced huge losses due t o the long wait during security checks. The terrorist attack did not only affect the US firms, but also firms in other countries that conduct bilateral trade with the US. For example, a number of companies in Canada were shut down following the 2001 terrorist attack (Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, 2002). Terrorism disrupts the cost of supply chains by increasing transportation cost. Most air and water transportation companies have increased the cost of transportation. For example, the US government requires all international shipments to be subjected to inspection by the Coast Guards. Additionally, the ships are required to be escorted by tugboats and on the other hand, airfreight companies have incorporated high commercial insurance premiums. Additionally, the cost of airfreights in some terrorist prone regions is also increased by war surcharges. Sandler and Enders (2008) assert that exports are affected adversely by terrorism due to increment in the cost o f transaction. Sandler and Enders (2008) further opine, â€Å"A first terrorist incident reduces bilateral trade by 8%† (p.5). If a country becomes vulnerable to terrorism, the volume of bilateral trade is adversely affected. Conclusion The paper ranks terrorism as one of the major challenge faced by all governments around the world. Currently, terrorism has undergone significant changes and the perpetrator’ targets have also changed. Terrorists are not only targeting major installations, but also civilians. Therefore, it is essential for governments and other stakeholders to address this social ill conclusively. In addition to addressing the social impacts associated with terrorism, it is imperative for governments to take into account the economic aspects highlighted in this paper. The analysis shows that terrorism has adverse effects on a country’s economic growth and development. First, terrorism leads to substantial loss in governments’ effort to cle ar and reconstruct critical infrastructures that are damaged by terrorist acts. Additionally, terrorism diminishes the attractiveness of a country to investors, which arises from the fact that investors lose confidence on the security of their investment. Lack of confidence may force investors to shift their investments to other countries that are less prone to terrorism and have a high degree of certainty. Terrorism also results in an increment in the volume of government spending. Governments spend a lot of money in developing and implementing mechanisms aimed at countering terrorism. As a result, funds are shifted to activities that have a low economic value. Financial markets, which are a critical component in a country’s economic growth, are also affected by terrorism through disruption of communication systems. Terrorism may also force some financial institutions such as insurance companies into bankruptcy. The supply chains are also affected adversely by terrorism. Suc h effects may limit a country’s ability to achieve its macroeconomic goals. Recommendations In order to address the negative economic effects associated with terrorism, it is imperative for governments to integrate effective counter terrorism mechanisms. Some of the issues that governments should focus on are outlined below. Governments should integrate tighten their security mechanisms. For example, governments should conduct a comprehensive background checks on the parties involved in the supply chain. Such measures are important despite the fact that they may increase the cost of doing business. This aspect arises from the fact companies will be forced to shift from just-in-time inventory management model to just-in-case buffers to minimize disruptions in the operation of companies due to lack of raw materials. It is imperative for governments to collaborate with one another in their quest to counter terrorism, as terrorism does not only affect the target country but also the country’s trade partners. Reference List Bruck, T. (2007). The economic analysis of tourism. New York, NY: Routledge. Carkovic, M., Levine, R. (2004). Does foreign direct investment accelerate  economic growth. Retrieved from https://piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/3810/08iie3810.pdf Gaibulloev, K., Sandler, T. (2009). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia. Economics and Politics, 21(3), 359-370. Herendeen, J. (2008). Issues in economics: an introduction. Lanhan, MD: University Press of America. Johnston, R., Nedelescu, O. (2005). The impact of terrorism on financial markets. New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. Mueller, J., Stewart, G. (2011). Terror, security and money: Balancing the risks,  benefits and cost of homeland security. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation. (2002). Economic  consequences of terrorism. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/1935314.pdf Sa ndler, T., Enders, W. (2008). Economic consequences of terrorism developed  and developing countries: an overview. Retrieved from utdallas.edu/~tms063000/website/Econ_Consequences_ms.pdf

Do Recruiters Read Your Resume Summary Profile Sections

Do Recruiters Read Your Resume Summary Profile Sections When I first started writing resumes, I was completely against resume summaries. I found them bland, boring and unpersuasive. Why write a summary when the real stuff is in the experience sections and bullets? I felt the same way about Skills sections. Anyone can list a bunch of skills, so what’s the point? Well, over the years, my tune has changed. The resume summary (or profile), and even the list of skills, provide a quick context for the reader that makes the rest of the resume make more sense. And the summary does not have to be boring! Ideally it will include accomplishments and career highlights that grab attention rather than set the reader on snooze. The Word from Recruiters on Resume Summaries But what I think really doesn’t matter. What matters is what recruiters and hiring managers think. That’s why I was excited to receive an article in my inbox from Career Directors International titled Recruiter Voice on Resume Summary Profile Section. I’m linking to it here, but you won’t be able to view it (or any of the many valuable articles in the CDI library) unless you’re a CDI member. Here’s a summary of what recruiters have to say on the topic of resume summaries. Do Recruiters Read the Summary Profile Sections on Your Resume? The answer is YES, thankfully, as I have been writing these for every client for 9 years. Here are some opinions and insights that you should know: Start off with the title you’re going for. And be careful to match your job title to the job you’re applying to – not to a completely different one. Include relevant strengths, years of experience, and a sense of your personality/soft skills. Don’t be afraid to toot your own horn. Highlight your successes! Provide a sense of where you’re going next. Differentiate yourself in the summary from other candidates. Customize the summary for the position you’re applying for. One size does NOT fit all. Tell your (short) story – keep it to 5 lines or less! Show off how well you put ideas together in writing. Make it flow. This is NOT an old-style â€Å"objective† statement. It’s NOT about what you want. It’s about what you will offer to the company. Remember humans will read this. Be personable! Describe your transferable skills and industry knowledge here if you have them and need to prove you qualify for the position without a specific requested skill or experience. Give the reader a sense that you can solve the problem they have. Don’t wait for the bullets to demonstrate your efficacy. Be attentive! That means no typos or grammatical errors. Here are some sample resume summaries that I think succeed in doing what the recruiters in CDI’s article recommend. As you read these, consider how your resume summary compares. Senior IT / Technology Executive Aligning Business and Technology to Increase Revenue, Expand Reach, and Deliver Results IT leader defining advanced technology strategies, architectures, and security solutions for renowned retail organizations including Amazon.com subsidiary ABC and Famous Footwear. *** Globally minded: leverages resources, offshore development teams, and partnerships to accelerate revenue, enhance transparency, and propel growth. Operations Manager | Global Supply Chain Director | Business Analyst Transformational executive leader with 20 years’ experience in supply chain, logistics, and operations (PPG, NewPage, Mead). Utilizes technology to drive profitability through improved processes and lower costs. Applies SOP expertise to guide ERP transitions (Oracle, SAP), integrate siloed divisions, and optimize operations, sales, marketing, manufacturing, and customer service. Leverages proven strategies to change culture in service of the company vision. Senior IT Project Leader – Healthcare ERP Systems ERP Implementations – Oracle / Lawson / PeopleSoft / Cloud / Epic EMR / Cerner EMR IT/ERP project manager who has delivered 30 major ERP and related enterprise-level business-systems projects globally with IBM, HP, and Big 4 consulting firm Deloitte across healthcare and medical device sectors. Healthcare ERP expertise with strategic implementation projects for hospital systems, healthcare providers, government health systems, and biotech companies. - EPIC PROJECT MANAGER CONSULTANT - Improving clinical operations through technical expertise, people focus, and knowledge of hospital workflows Project leader and innovator with 13 years in Epic’s Implementation Services Division who understands the challenges of healthcare environments, and partners with nurses, ancillary staff, and other stakeholders to enhance usability and engagement. People-centric approach allows for clarity and empathy in setting expectations, bridging IT and operational priorities, and working with users to embrace new processes. Strategic Sourcing Operations Executive VP / Director Global Strategic Sourcing | Capital Project Management | Process Engineering | Capital Finance 20+ years’ leadership across clean tech, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food, technology, chemical, real estate. Experience spans small to large operating, consulting and technology companies including Amgen ($83B market cap), Jacobs Engineering ($7B market cap), Amyris ($200M market cap) and venture-funded start-ups. Knowledge of multiple capital service and chemical markets including US, China, India and Japan. Consistently enhances efficiencies, extract value and add to the bottom line. How is your resume summary looking to you after reading these examples? If you see room for improvement, contact us – or if you do it yourself, please send your â€Å"before† and â€Å"after† resume summary to info@theessayexpert.com. We want to see the transformation! Need help with your resume summary? Let the professional writers at The Essay Expert make you look good on paper. Check out our resume writing services.

Evaluate the role of theory in explaining corporate risk management Essay

Evaluate the role of theory in explaining corporate risk management practice - Essay Example There has been a vivid changes occur in the functions of risk management in corporations. In the past risk management was known as the activities connected with the purchase of insurance. Treasurers also carried out the duty of risk management, but their focus was on prevarication interest rate and foreign exchange risks. With the passage of time, corporations have taken into account other types of risk. On the other hand, corporations started to pay more attention to operational risk and reputation risk. Presently, strategic risks have been added to the categories of risks. The duties of the board in examining risk measures and setting restrictions for these measures are greater than before at many corporations. With the help of hedging, organizations can get rid of their experience to many risks at low cost. For example, a foreign exchange hedging program that makes use of forward contracts has usually very low transaction costs. If the hedging is inexpensive, then there is no good economic explanation for an organization not to hedge economic risks if it faces the risk of cash flow deficits that could force it to give up important projects. Many corporations face risks that they cannot beneficially arrange in the capital markets or other urbanized risk transfer markets. We can better explain it with the help of an example, an organization that discovers a mode to develop its business beneficially cannot hedge economically many of the risks from doing so. The organization recognizes the risks from the development superior than anybody else. If it finds a technique to hedge these risks, its hedging costs will be increased because possible counterparties will want to be compensated for trading with an improved knowledgeable party and for building models to judge the risks they would hedge. Agency theory is one of the most instructive, practical, and

Module 10 World Alliance vs. World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Essay

Module 10 World Alliance vs. World ChaosAmerican Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century - Essay Example The Vietnam War was never, at any stage of the conflict, popular with the American public and, indeed, the strikes and protests against this war are as much a part of US history as is the war itself. Given the undeniable unpopularity of the war, one can only assume that the United States' leadership had a rationale for involvement in this conflict. Accordingly, in order to arrive at an objective conclusion regarding the United States' involvement in this war, the political and historical context of the conflict shall be considered, following which the two alternate points of view shall be presented for determination of their respective strengths and weakness. The Vietnam War has its roots in the Viet Minh's struggle for the independence of Vietnam from Japanese control during the Second World War. The leader of this struggle, Ho Chi Minh, was a communist national who, although independent of USSR control, maintained friendly and cooperative relations with Moscow. Despite alliance with the Soviet Union, however, the United States actively supported Ho Chi Minh's bid for independence and, in assertion and affirmation of its support, the United States even trained Ho Chi Minh's guerilla fighters, preparing them for the seizure of their country and the declaration of Vietnam independence following World War II. Following Following the surrender of the Japanese Imperial Army in World War II, several factions emerged, demanding control over an independent Vietnam. The Japanese, however, awarded the Viet Minh control over the country and, on 2 September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared his country's independence from French colonialism, expressing his confidence and hope in US support. There were several reasons for Ho Chi Minh's confidence. The first was the support which the United States had extended him in the training of Viet Minh guerillas. The second was the United States' opposition to European colonialism and support for independence. In other words, there was a string foundation for Ho Chi Minh's belief that the United States would support his government. The United States' international relations' priorities and agenda, however, underwent a significant shift following World War II and it did not support the Viet Minh. The Cold War had begun and the United States, who perceived of the world as being divided into two camps, the communist and the capitalist camps, was determined to curb the power of the Soviet Union. It saw the Soviet Union as a real threat to the West, to the United States and was utterly convinced that should it allow Vietnam to fall to communism, it would be directly contributing to the growth of Soviet Union and would be facilitating the domino effect, wherein one country after the other would fall to communism. The United States did not simply change its strategy vis--vis Vietnam and its earlier support of Ho Chi Minh, but went to war in order to ensure that Vietnam did not fall to communism, hence Soviet influence. Leadership of Vietnam became indeterminate. The United States was opposed to ho Chi Minh and Moscow supported him. Eventually, in the Geneva Conference of 1954, the country was partitioned until such a time hen national elections could be held and decides upon leadership. The United States chose Ngo Dinh Diem, an avowed anti-communist as the leader of

This is England Essay Example for Free

This is England Essay †This is England† is about a 12-year-old boy named Shaun. He lives in England and is bullied in/at school. He lives alone with his mother because his dad died in war. One day he meets a group of skinheads who wants him to join their group. Even though Shaun is young, he is not afraid of the skinheads. He joins the group and quickly becomes their favorite member. Shaun has probably been forced to act older than he is, because of his dads’ early death. In the movie he makes out with an older girl, goes to skinhead meetings, and joins the nationalists, which all is unusual for such a young boy. He easily gets influenced by the apparent friendliness from the group. Woody is the leader of the skinhead group. He is the one who welcomes Shaun and teaches him how to be a real skinhead. In the beginning he is a role model to Shaun and he helps him to deal with his problems. Woody’s girlfriend Lol helps him too. She cuts his hair, and is being really nice to him. Woody and Lol are like a substitute father and mother to him. Finally Shaun has a sense of belonging somewhere. â€Å"The skinheads† is a group of people who really care about him. Especially when he meets Smell, he finds out what it feels like to be in love. Milky is another member of the group. He is the only black person and when Combo shows up that causes him troubles. Combo is a skinhead too, who has been to prison for the last couple of years. He has now returned, and wants the other members of the group to join the nationalist movement and protest against the war. Combo has some racist views, and when he starts talking bad about the blacks no one in the group stands up for Milky. The group split up, and Shaun chooses to join Combo’s group together with 3 others. Combo is now his new role model, and he uses the death of Shaun’s father to convince him that what they are doing is right. Shaun is manipulated and cannot see how far out he is before it is too late. They rob a little store, threaten people and paint graffiti. One day Combo and Milky smokes crack, and suddenly Combo burst out with anger and starts hitting Milky. He gets badly wounded and is taken to hospital. Shaun realizes that what they are doing is wrong. He talks to his mother about how they both miss his father. He throws out the Union Jack flag which Combo has given him, which is a symbol of the facts that he is now done with the skinheads. Somehow, the whole thing has helped Shaun to deal with his grieve. Even though he misses his dad, he finds out that there is more in life than taking revenge. He steps of the illegal path he has been following and decides to become a proper person. His intention was never to hurt anyone, because he knows what it feels like to be hurt. A chapter of his life is over and done with, and a brand new one is about to be written.

Gas Gangrene :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas gangrene is a severe form of gangrene which is also known as tissue death. It occurs as a result of infection by a bacterium that causes the tissue death. The symptoms of gas gangrene are numerous and severe. Gas gangrene is a disease that is very difficult to treat. All in all, gas gangrene is a very serious disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gas gangrene is a form of gangrene (tissue death) usually caused by a bacterium known as clostridium porringers, but many other bacteria can cause the same effects. It is caused by an infection of clostridium bacteria that, under low oxygen conditions, produce toxins that cause the tissue death and associated symptoms. Gas gangrene is rare, with only 1,000 to 3,000 cases occurring in the United States annually. Gas gangrene usually occurs at the site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. About a third of cases occur spontaneously. Patients who develop this disease spontaneously often have underlying another disease such as diabetes or colon cancer. The onset of gas gangrene is sudden and dramatic. Inflammation begins at the site of infection and there is extremely painful tissue swelling. Gas may be felt in the tissue when the swollen area is pressed with the fingers. The areas infected expand so rapidly that changes are visible over a few minutes. The involved ti ssue is completely destroyed. Clostridium bacteria make many different toxins, some of which can cause potentially fatal syndromes. In addition, they cause tissue death, destruction of blood, and leaking of the blood vessels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The symptoms of gas gangrene include moderate to severe pain around a skin injury, progressive swelling around a skin injury, and moderate to high fever. Also, when a person is infected, they form small, fluid filled blisters called vesicles. The blisters fill with a brown red fluid. Some symptoms are not so serious, such as sweating and an increased heart rate. Others are very serious like drainage from the tissues, foul-smelling brown-red or bloody fluid called serosanguineous discharge, and subcutaneous emphysema which is gas under the skin. The symptoms of gas gangrene occur suddenly and increase rapidly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Treatment for gas gangrene can sometimes be drastic. Gas gangrene is a medical emergency because of the threat of the infection rapidly spreading via the bloodstream and infecting vital organs. It requires immediate surgery and administration of antibiotics. Prompt surgical removal of dead, damaged, and infected tissue is necessary.

Margaret Thatcher’s “Charter Schools”

In the United States, primary and secondary public school education, undergoes continual monitoring and discussion by government leaders, educators, and parents. According to a survey, by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, in 1994, 39 percent of fourth graders, 37 percent of eighth graders and 36 percent of twelfth graders, scored below average, on basic skills assessment tests, in the United States ( Finn, Ravitch 22-24 ). News coverage also tends to continuously broadcast that the United States lags behind global peers in pre-college education. For this reason, parents, governments and educators are constantly searching for new ways to improve, and overcome learning obstacles, in education. One of the new concepts emerging is the charter school. In the United States, the charter school was modeled after Margaret Thatcher's idea of a public school operating independently, while being funded by grants. A similar concept currently exists, for all public education, in New Zealand ( Finn et al. 48-52 ). In 1992, after the first charter law was passed, Minnesota opened City Academy, based on this concept. The charter focused on recruiting and teaching high school drop-outs ( Buechler 60-63 ). All charter schools, including this first one, are based on certain guidelines. Charters are created by normal citizens desiring to fill a specific need in their area, or to implement a new teaching method. The administration and teaching operate independently from most local school board rules, and funds are used only within the charter school. Any business, parent, teacher or group may apply to open a charter, provided they are not religiously affiliated or a private school already. A charter need only to submit paperwork outlining a curriculum, sponsor, and a place of operation, plus the goals they expect in their students. Local or state school boards then have the option to approve or disapprove of the charter. If the charter idea is accepted, the charter may begin recruitment of students. A contract written and signed between the charter and the school board usually lasts a few years and its renewal is based on positive results or goals achieved. There are also certain laws dealing with charters. A charter must be tuition free and open and free of any discrimination to all children in the district ( Olson Art. 64 ). Charters are almost entirely funded by state and national monies, which normally follow a student to their public school. The money instead will follow the student to his or her chosen charter. Charters are also sometimes funded by private individuals or companies. Arizona ammended their charter school law to create a one million dollar start-up fund. Most states do not provide start-up fees which cover building rental, supplies, teachers and administration, before children arrive at their doors. This creates a hardship for most charters when they first open and prevents others from ever opening (Buechler 60-63 ). As of February 1997, five hundred charter schools operated nationwide, offtering a variety of different curriculums ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). In New Jersey, by creating a public boarding prepatory school, educators devised a way to begin to reach children in their teen years, at risk for dropping out of school. School director Gary T. Reece states, † We've created a safe haven here where kids can risk caring about school without suffering for it†(Cohen 16 ). The teens live in an area where schools are crowded and crime is high. ( Cohen 13 ) In Boston, three types of charters are operating within the city. City on a Hill established for high school students, adds a twist in its curriculum, by creating city hall type debates involving the students. The teens become comfortable with public speaking at a time when they usually avoid it. Another high school named Renaissance, has 205 days in the school year, plus uses integrated teaching within all the classes. Lastly, is an elementary school named Neighborhood House. This school teaches one subject within another. A writing assignment may deal with science or science may be created in art class ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). Add to these examples, charters which stress technology, basic academics, smaller classes, discipline, on-line teaching, home study, whole language, afrocentism, back-to- basics, and those that cater to high-school drop-outs and gifted students. Some charters also partner with zoos, museums, businesses, unions, or community groups ( Buechler 60-63 ) . As a Principal of Harriet Tubman Village School Charter, Roger Sciarretta states, â€Å"The only thing consistent about charter schools is that they're all different. â€Å"Each one has it's own flavor and style† ( Anderson 1A+ ) . In Florida, the Charter School law was adopted in 1996 and as of the 1997-98 school year, thirty-three were operating statewide ( Saunders ). As to why it took till 1996, Betty Golzendorf, D-Jacksonville said, â€Å"If Florida is going to start Charter Schools, then they should be the best Charter Schools in the country† ( Patterson B-1 ). Charters in Florida receive 52,000 dollars as a start-up fee, to help alleviate some of the difficulties before admitting students. Charters also can apply for any funds the government grants for low income or disabilities ( MacDonald ). Ninety-five percent of student fees, usually received by a district, follow the charter student to their selected charter ( Pendleton B-1 ). Before accepting students, a Florida charter must be approved by the local school board, and if denied, may appeal to the State Board of Education ( Saunders ). A Florida charter may be created by groups of citizens, teachers, individuals or legal entities. Private schools and religious organizations are barred from forming a charter school. The charter must also, be open to all children, and follow health, safety, welfare and civil rights laws. Each district is allowed so many charters according to their population. If a district has 100,000 or more people, they may have seven charters established per year. A population of 50,000- 100,000 may create five charters per year. Populations under 50,000 people are allowed three charters per year. (Pendleton B-1 ). In Duval County, five charter schools are currently open, and all are geared towards helping middle school children. Radar Schools focuses on behavior, academics, and truancy. The Police Athletic League is housing and supporting the school (Saunders). Daniel Payne Academy stresses technological curriculum for sixth graders, two years behind grade level . The students receive individual testing, with a focus on building self-esteem and discipline. The students are also required to wear uniforms, and parental involvement is encouraged (Desmon A-1 ). Daniel Payne Academy, School of Success Academy and Empowering Young Minds, all must deal with raising student test scores to meet the Duval County Average of a 49 percentile in reading and 50 percentile in math. Because these schools focus on children in middle school that are behind grade level academically their students averages are below the county average (MacDonald ). In their creation, charters were not meant to replace the public school system. Charter supporters feel that seeking different options for schooling will enhance the current public school system. This in turn, will boost the academic standing in our nation, placing us alongside our foreign counterparts.

Preference of Patients Essay

In the medical profession, there are some issues that call for ethical appraisal. Although these issues might be provided for under the code of ethics of the medical profession, they have raised several controversial debates that have haunted the ethical foundation of the profession. One of such issues which have been a cause of controversy is the preference of patients. When we talk about the preferences of patients, what we are referring to is the choice of the patient after evaluating the health outcomes which might result from the treatment or refusal of treatment. There are several other issues that relates to this patient centered approach in the medical profession. Over the years, patients have been allowed to make some choices pertaining to the medical care. Generally speaking, some people are of the opinion that due to the availability of more information, some patients are not a novice to the medical practice and so should be allowed to make decisions about their treatment – of course, under the guidance of the physician and with correct understanding of the facts of the treatment. This approach is put in place in place in order to maintain a better, more flexible and less domineering environment. Thus the patient’s preference afeects the decisions about medical care as the doctor can not make some vital decisions. An example of the patient’s preference is the span of treatment, However, some people are of the opinion that due to the complex nature of the medical professions, patients should not be allowed to make decision that pertains to treatment procedures. This is informed by the fact that these patients might be fearful, not in their correct frame of mind and may be looking for a form of treatment that will be less painful to them. It is therefore concluded that the patient’s decision should not be regarded at that point in time as that may not be what they would have chosen if they were in their right frame of mind. This too like the other poses a problem. If we are to rely on this argument, then we are likely going to fall into trouble due to some issues associated with the absence of patient preferences. There is should be patient autonomy and patients have the moral and legal rights to make decisions that concern their health and medical conditions. Thus, no matter how we view it, the issue of patient’s preference raises a problem from both sides. If for instance we say that the patient needs not be consulted in making decisions about treatment, then we are neglecting the legal right and moral rights of the patients. However, it might be true that in some given situations, the preference of the patient poses a threat to the patient’s health condition. And so it is risky to follow such preferences as the patient’s decision makes him/her a threat to himself/herself. An example of this is refusal of treatment. Furthermore, there are some other issues that associated with the absence or expression of patient’s preferences. For instance, except in emergency cases or in cases where the patient can not give consent, it is mandatory for the physician to seek the consent of the patient before any form of test or examination is carried out on them. Another issue that has been of controversial debate is surrogate decision-making. Should this be accepted in the medical practice? We should also consider the issue of advanced directives in medicine? Should patients be allowed to issue advanced directives? Since the goal of medicine is to save and protect lives, how then will we account for a situation where a doctor issues an advance directive at the request of a patient? The question here is which is higher? – The purpose on which the foundation of the profession was based or the preference of the patients? In addition to this, should cultural or religious beliefs overshadow the goal of medicine? The Hippocratic Oath directs doctors/physicians to do whatever is in their power in making sure they save lives and help people in pains. As a doctor, should I not give blood to a dying patient in urgent need of blood because the patient’s religion does not believe in it? If I do this, I will be doing what I have made an oath to do but shouldn’t I consider the right of the patient? Should I not consider the wish of the patient? As a doctor, I am obliged to communicate the truth about medical conditions to the patient but what should I do when I consider that the patient can not in the right frame of mind to take the information? Should I just say what I have to say bluntly or should I be lenient by withholding some weighty aspects of the information? In the case provided, the physician must make a distinction between duty and sentiment or emotions. Although the patient might have made plans that the physician knows about, it is the doctor’s duty to communicate the extent of the condition to the patient. The physician should be able to realize that he/she is bound by duty and must seek to discharge his/her duties rather than appeal to sentiments. To start with, it will be unwise and professionally illegal for the physician to withhold information from the patient because the patient is embarking on a tour around the world. For all I care, the medical safety of the patient is the utmost and should be given the greatest consideration. The question to ask is who is to be blamed if the physician allowed Mr. R.S to travel without telling him the truth about his medical condition and in some way Mr. R.S dies during the trip? Should the physician, because he/she does not want to ruin the â€Å"big† plans made by the couple, decide not to fulfill what duty demands of him/her? Summarily, I think physicians should realize that they are dealing with the lives of people and thus should not allow sentiments in their practice. This is because some reasons are higher than others. Reference: L   Fraenkel, S T Bogardus Jr, and D R Wittink. Risk-attitude and patient treatment preferences Lupus, May  1,  2003 Edwards and G. Elwyn: How Should Effectiveness of Risk Communication to Aid Patients’ Decisions Be Judged? A Review of the Literature, Medical Decision Making, October  1,  1999 Practical ethics for students, interns and residents. A Short Reference Manual. Junkerman C and Schiedermayer D. Second Edition. University Publishing Group, 1998. Drane, J. F. (1985). â€Å"The Many Faces of Competency.† Hasting Center Report: 17-19.

How to Get Writing a Novel off your Bucket List

How to Get Writing a Novel off your Bucket List How to Get â€Å"Writing a Novel† off Your Bucket List Natalie Barelli harbored a dream that's all too familiar for our readers - writing a novel. An IT professional writing a psychological thriller might have seemed like a  pipe dream, but persistence led to a book which by all accounts is a real page-turner. If "writing a novel" is still on your bucket list, you'll find some good inspiration and advice below!Edit:  Just 6 months  after publishing "Until I Met Her", Natalie Barelli got signed by Amazon Publishing's imprint Thomas Mercer. You can read about how that happened here.It was a conversation about bucket lists that got me started. Over a glass of wine - or ten, let’s be honest - my friend and I were lamenting the fact that it’s so easy to put something into the bucket list, but almost impossible to get it out again.So we decided to pick one each, and get on with it. And mine was to write a novel. More specifically, a psychological suspense novel, because I love them. I read them all the time, I am addict ed to them, and find them to be great stories. Ironically, I didn’t use to enjoy writing very much, but I have always loved stories, and the idea of them. And of course probably like anyone who has ever wanted to write a novel, I thought I could write one because I love reading them.Having decided that I would write a novel, I figured there must be structures out there that I could follow, something akin to the three-act paradigm that is used in film narratives. I was hoping for a â€Å"join the dots† style model, something along the lines of â€Å"kill someone in chapter 1† and â€Å"throw in a suspect in chapter 3† then link ‘em up in chapter 2. I got one item out of my bucket list, my house has never been so clean, and I published Until I Met Her on Amazon on 16 June, ten days ago at the time of writing this. To date the novel has received seven five-star reviews, all of which point to a good plot and good writing.I sure didn’t get those on my own.Until I Met Her here is now available on  Amazon, so make sure to get your copy!How close are you to finishing your first novel? Does  Natalie's story sound like a day out of your life?  Please  share your thoughts and experiences, or any question for Natalie, in the comments below!

4 Ways to Balance Family and Online School

4 Ways to Balance Family and Online School Balancing school and family life can be a challenge, even for online learners. While many older adults choose to continue their education through the internet, they often find their study time interrupted by spouses and children who miss them and don’t understand the need for â€Å"alone time.† Here are a few suggestions for maintaining good relationships with those you love while studying online.   Set Some Ground Rules for All Parties Chances are you’ll need some peace and quiet to get your work done. Setting specific times and posting a schedule on your office door (or kitchen fridge) can be a great way to form a common understanding and keep resentments from forming. Let your family know when you’ll be available and when they shouldn’t disturb you. If you’re in an online chat meeting, for example, you may want to hang a â€Å"do not disturb† sign on the door. Let children know what instances are appropriate for interruption (a stuffed bear causing the toilet to overflow) and which are inappropriate (they have a sudden urge for ice cream). This street goes both ways, however, and you’ll also need to set some ground rules for yourself. Be available to your family during your off-hours and give them the attention they need. Let them know that they can trust you to be available when you say you will, and they’ll be more willing to wait. Dont Forget Play Time Online courses can get intense at times, particularly if you’re enrolled in more than one. But, don’t get so caught up that you forget to have fun. If need be, set aside a â€Å"family night† to play games or find entertainment with your children or a â€Å"date night† to spend a little quality time with your spouse. You’ll get much-needed relaxation and they’ll appreciate seeing you in a less stressful mood. Be An Example If you have school-aged children, use your own studies to set an example for how they can succeed in their own classes. Try setting aside a study time each afternoon when you study alongside your kids. Serve a nutritious snack (think smoothie and apples rather than green beans) and play relaxing music. Chances are they’ll mimic the study skills you model and their grades will benefit. Meanwhile, you’ll get a chance to complete your own studies while spending some time with your kids. It’s a win-win. Involve Your Family in Your Learning Don’t just slink away into the back room and come out, red-eyed and silent, after a few hours of intense studying. Let your family know you’re accomplishing something meaningful. If you discover something interesting, bring it up at the dinner table or discuss it while driving your kids to school. Let your spouse tag along on field trips to the art museum or city counsel. Chances are they’ll enjoy being involved in this part of your life and you’ll appreciate the chance to share it.

Religious belief system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious belief system - Essay Example Perceptive on theism, philosophy, spirituality, and other beliefs are similar and dissimilar from what one considers of ‘religion’, can assist a lot in understanding the religion. Few points out where the outer borders of religion exist, whereas some assist to identify with what religion essentially comprises. The Baptists are one of the major denominations of protestant and form 35 million members globally. They differentiate themselves from Protestants mainly on their firmness on: baptism of adult believers only; they are concerned of the freedom of speech and conscience and freedom from interferences; they give dominance to Scripture in matters of faith, doctrine, and morals; and the authority they give to congregation in church affairs. The precursors of present day Baptists were the Anabaptists - members of a radical movement of the 16th-century reformation which believed in the dominance of the Bible, in baptism as an external witness of the believers personal covenant of inner faith, and in separation of church from state and of believers from nonbelievers - of the reformation period. Few Anabaptist worshippers were settled in Holland in the early 17th century when large number of Puritan Independents, escaped from England to Holland. These Puritans were influenced by the Anabaptists, and were persuaded that Christian baptism was correct only for adults with a personal faith and commitment. After going back to England, this group formed the first Baptist worshippers in 1611. According to Baptists beliefs the Christian lives are as one of individual faith and of solemn commitment to live in accordance with the highest Christian principles. Hence each individual must be reborn, renewed into a new life, and get together into the church community. As a matter of fact for Baptists, the church is in essence the result of change and of refinement, a society of dedicated advocates. In fact the church is holy only when the belief