Racism in US Criminal Justice System

Racism in US Criminal Justice SystemThe biggest detestation in the U.S. criminal justice agreement is that it is an institution based on racial diversity in which African-Americans ar openly beleaguered and penalized in a frequently more than destructive manner comp atomic figure 18d to white hatful.This paper is an attempt to learn the degree of racism followed by the criminal justice system of America. The paper excessively attempts to make use of relevant literature to outline statistics for certain crime records that contain been associated criminal injustice.American society is turning out to be more ethnic each(prenominal)y and inexpensively polarized. Many poor and minority citizens pledge to the prejudice theory that the criminal impartiality exists. A recent Gallup poll showed that virtually two trey of the African-Americans interviewed believed that the law system is assembled against them. Many civil rights support groups have the same opinion, barely many co nservatives refuse that the organization is racist (Rubin, 2006).Information on hightail it is accessible for each phase of the criminal justice system starting from drugs, police stops, taking into custody, bailing out, legal coquet of lawrepresentation, selection of jury members, courtroom trials, prison term, imprison custodyt, parole and conversance.It is very evident in America that a policeman stops you on a highway for no reason any(prenominal) asking you to prove your identity operator and ask you where you argon from (Riles, 2006).Very often your car and your belongings be searched. It is common policy that they believe your racial identity is blamed for your reason to be a criminal and anyone who looks like them is stopped or interrogated with further questions. If they are accused of a certain crime, then it is presumable that your representing lawyer pass on scarcely give you a few minutes and will convince you to plead guilty. If you argue over yourself crea tion innocent, then you will get to stay in prison for some months. Racism has been prominent since the days of African slavery.It is likely that all the information and proofs provided are against you, especially if you are an adolescent. The rate of incarceration for your ethnic group is s scour times that of the common populace, most of whom concur with the police that your type are tending to create hysteria and commit crime (Cole, 1999). People like you are arrested, convicted and killed by the police more often than those in the general population.One in all(prenominal) third person from your ethnicity and skin color, especially in the age group of 20 to 29 is in jail or on parole or trial. In universities, almost 100 graduates are arrested each year. You are non living in some oppressive misery (Cole, 1999). All this is because you are an African American residing in the United States, a so called home liberalists and bravery. Law enforce manpowert officials universally cl aim that targeting of Black and Latino drivers is not done, but the stories of African-American and Mexican men prove otherwise.Attorney Christopher Darden, one of the prosecutors in the O.J. Simpson trial says in his book that he is stopped about five times a year. Many men of color find similar experiences, from Ohio to Florida to New Jersey to California (Allen, 1999). An African-American Miami policeman was stopped on Route 4 in Florida, where it seems that the police have decided that all Black men are likely to be drug runners, despite the f correspond that it is estimated that nationally Blacks are equal to only 13 percent of drug offenders. Undeniably, the Orlando Sentinel acquired recorded tapes of at least 1,100 stops in a single Florida County and revealed that while Blacks were only five percent of all drivers transiting from there, they were 70% of those blocked and the rest were not even bothered to be stopped (Goodale, 2005).In Maryland, one African-American lawyer a nd his family were blocked on interstate highway 95 after departing from a funeral. When they prosecuted, a central court ruled that the Maryland state police had to disburse $50,000 and had to split information on the race of motorists blocked and searched. They found that African-Americans were 75% of those stopped and searched, although they made up only 17 percent of the motorists (Goodale, 2005).A professor of law at Georgetown University, David Cole pose plenty of evidence that Americas criminal justice system is racially biased. And yet many others have done that before him. What is more important and commonly addressable in literature to date, is the argument that it is only by denying basic rights to poor and sorry Americans that the more prosperous white minority can itself enjoy the innate safeguards of which Americans are so proud.Certainly America is not the only country whose system of criminal justice is marred by racial or sparing biases.Drug policies comprise of the most important factor causative to racial indifferences in criminal justice. Federal laws against cocaine are a basic eccentric of institutional discrimination. Under the present law, crimes concerning crack cocaine are penalized much more harshly than those concerning powder-cocaine (Goodale, 2005).But the United States is supposed to be different (Neugebauer, 2000). It is a society founded on the idea of equality before the law, where such idealism has always been taken seriously and comprised a central part of its self-image. In a careful explication of Supreme Court judgments and a description of how the criminal justice system actually works, it makes a persuasive case that on the routes or in the nations police stations and courtrooms, constitutional protections so cherished by the majority barely exist for most poor or smutty Americans.Over the retiring(a) 40 years, the Supreme Court has grandly defended the principal of a race- and income-neutral system of justi ce. Every defendant, including the indigent, is entitled to a competent lawyer, the court has said. The exclusion of jurors on racial grounds is forbidden (Cole, 1999). The police cannot use race as a criteria for stopping, investigating or prosecuting someone. Race-based sentencing is, of course, totally unacceptable. But in a series of decisions the court has also made it virtually impossible to prove the existence of such practices on appeal, and so they permeate the criminal justice system.For instance if we look at Ohio traffic incident. After hearing a most recent case, government requests the judge to accept that the Ohio State Highway Patrol intentionally goals African-American drivers for narcotics search. When there is no odd traffic or climate situations, policemen on traffic easily manage but not halt vehicles on interstate chief(prenominal) streets for racing when they are only passing at the pace restricted to two miles per hour. (Ratner Jason, 2001)After hearing sim ilar testimonies as above, the Congressional Black meet presented a legislation to halt particular races, aiming at of Black and Latino motorists. Already approved by the House, it was waiting for Senate activity at the end of the operate conference.The Traffic Stops Statistic Act of 1998 was conceived to assemble the facts and numbers to display that racial aiming at does exist (Nolan, 1997). It needs the United States advocate general to perform a study of such halts and to topic a report to Congress on them. The clues apparently displays that African-Americans are being regularly halted by policeman easily because they are Black. It is precisely this sort of unjust remedy that directs minorities to distrust the lawless individual fairness system (Rubin, 2006)For example, the court has accepted that the death penalty is applied in a racist fashion (blacks who kill whites receive it far more frequently than anyone who kills a black) (Travis, 2000). But it has demanded that racial bias be proven in each individual case, something that is almost always impossible given that judges and juries rarely express such biases overtly. The exclusion of blacks from juries is a recognized practice of prosecutors crossways the country. And yet the court has steadfastly upheld prosecutors right to reject jurors without giving any reason for doing so, virtually endorsing the practice.The court has set the standard for competent defense attorneys so low that even lawyers who have fallen asleep during death-penalty trials have qualified, and the court has done nothing about the financial strangulation of public-defender programmes, denying most of those accused of a crime a proper legal defense (Goodale, 2005). Police regularly sweep through poor neighborhoods stopping and searching whomever they like. Yet the court has repeatedly refused to require the police to advise people that, according to the Fourth Amendment to the constitution, everyone has a right to refuse a sear ch unless the police have a example or have arrested them for a crime. So most poor people, intimidated and wary of the police, believe they have no choice but to submit (Brown, 1998).The court has permitted police so much prudence in deciding as to who will be stopped and searched that most African-Americans are despairingly familiar with the act of being stopped for driving because they are black, a crime of which white Americans are supremely not aware of.Most white people, especially the better-off, are simply not treated this way by the police.If they were, there would be a public outcry (Agamben, 1998). It is impossible to imagine the majority ever tolerating the statistics being reversedthe incarceration rate for whites being seven times that of blacks, for example.It is conceded that it is probably impossible ever to eradicate completely the advantages the economically better-off enjoy before the law. And given the number of blacks in jail, racial profiling can seem like a rational strategy for the police. First, such discrimination is itself pushing many young black men towards crime and has seriously alienated the black community (Cunningham, Herie, Martin, Turner, 1998). After all, the vast majority of black people stopped by the police are innocent of any crime. Second, the better-off majority can only enjoy sweeping constitutional rights because these are denied to the poor and black minority.If everyone had the same level of legal protection against search and seizure, the police would probably find it impossible to do their job. Nevertheless, if the United States is ever to pass up to its noble ideals, it must find an answer to both these dilemmas. But first it must recognize the scale of the problem. We love to symbolize our societys consignment to equality with folkical icons like Lady Justice, with her blindfold and neatly fit scales. And we resonate with pride to the words Equal Justice under Law emblazoned over the portico of the Supr eme Court. But reality shatters these illusions in the criminal justice system. The commitment to equal criminal justice in America is a mile wide and an inch deep (Cole, 1999).Discrimination on the basis of economic class also pervades the criminal-justice system. In 1964, New York Times columnist Anthony Lewis wrote a powerful book called Gideons Trumpet. Lewis celebrated the courage of Clarence Gideon, who was found guilty of a felony he did not commit, and who pleaded to the Supreme Court in a handwritten petition for an attorney to help him in his appeal (Lewis, 1964).Lewis also celebrated the generosity of Abe Fortas, later to shape a justice, who argued Gideons cause before the court without a fee, and persuaded the court that the Sixth Amendment right to counsel must be extended to everyone in jeopardy of losing their liberty through a felony conviction. Lewis could not write such a book today (Lewis, 1964).What are the costs of inequality in our criminal-justice system?It is argued persuasively that people obey the law primarily because they think it is the right thing to do, not because they fear punishment. Where a community accepts the social rules as legitimate, the rules will be largely self-enforcing. Citing a 1995 Gallup poll that found that 77 percent of blacks and 45 percent of whites think that the system treats blacks more harshly than whites, it is evident that severe costs menstruation from this erosion of confidence that the criminal justice system is fundamentally fair (Allen, 1999). Where a community views the law as unjust, enforcement is subverted. Police find it more ticklish to get leads, prosecutors find witnesses more reluctant to testify, and jurors may engage in nullification (Agamben, 1998).According to the Bureau of the Census, approximately 30 trillion African Americans live in the United States, comprising about 13 percent of the countrys population (Neugebauer, 2000). What is more? African-Americans commit a notably l arge attribute of those crimes that people fear most-heightened stabbing, theft, rape, and assassination. disproportional black criminality has consistently been revealed by official statistics of arrest and incarceration rates. And while these reports undoubtedly contain methodological biases that make any evaluation of black crime a precarious undertaking, Kennedy correctly points out that victim surveys (which typically involve ordinary citizens with nothing to gain by lying), as well as careful criminologists of various ideological stripes, corroborate the official statistics.They are the largest racial/ethnic minority. However, blacks, particularly young black men, perpetrate a percentage of street crime that is strikingly disproportionate to their percentage in the population. Kennedy states that in 1992, for example. 44.8 percent of all persons arrested for violent crime were black (Rubin, 2006). racial differences relate not only to patterns of felonies but at every step o f the criminal justice system as well. From incarceration to detention, from judgment to imprisonment, blacks are targeted in great numbers, a proportion incomparable to their entire number in US population. As Cole observes The country is already at a point where three out of every four black males will be arrested, jailed, and acquire a criminal record by age 35 (Cole, 1999).Looking further, the arrest statistics are even more dismal. Data from 1990, for example, indicate that 28.9 percent of all arrests in the U.S. involved African-Americans. In 1992, there were over 14 million arrests nationally five million of them were black males (Miller, 1996). Turning his attention to delinquency, Miller cites a 1994 study of juvenile detention decisions which indicates that, even after controlling for the influence of offense seriousness and such social factors as single-parent home.African-American youths were more likely than white youths to be detained at each decision point in the crim inal justice system (Miller, 1996). In short, black teenagers are more likely to be handled formally, to be waived to adult court, and to be adjudicated delinquent.One important irony that Tony points out is that even as the black proportions of serious violent crimes remained essentially stable since the early 1980s, disproportionate incarceration rates of African-Americans have grown steadily worse, especially since Ronald Reagan became president.ConclusionRacial bias studies never completely take into account all of the legitimate factors that determine how an ease is handled, consequently, these unmeasured factors might explain a racial disparity if the factors are ones on which the races differ. Given the small disparity in the first place, such unmeasured factors become potentially important. Another questionone that frequently arises in racial bias studies that combine or aggregate samples from different states and different countiesis whether black defendants were more heavi ly represented in jurisdictions where condemns were possibly tougher, not just for blacks, but for whites as well.If so, combining the jurisdictions would create the appearance of a sentencing disparity even when no disparity actually exists. Because Americas races are scattered differently across jurisdictions, and jurisdictions sentence differently from one another, aggregating has an effect that is easily mistaken for racially disparate sentencing.

Spanish-Amerincan War :: history

Spanish-Amerincan WarWith the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nations history. He brought refreshful excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy. He took the stack that the President as a steward of the people should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by truth or the Constitution. I did not usurp power, he wrote, but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power. Teddys years as a child were not all gasping for breath. Teddy was a very curious child. He loved to go outside into the woods and watch and study birds and the surrounding wildlife. He liked to record data about the animals, and enjoyed experimenting. When he grew up, he wrote books about nature, and went on trips to the mountains of New York often. Teddy and his father believed Teddy could overco me his sickness. Mr. Roosevelt set up a gym in the Roosevelts house. Teddy worked out more and more, and after a while began to get stronger. But none of this happened overnight. When Teddy went to Harvard for college, he and a friend published a book called Summer Birds of The Adirondacks. During college, Teddy excessively was deeply saddened when his father died on February 9, 1877. On October 27, 1880, Theodore Roosevelt walked down the aisle. He got married to Alice Lee. Theodore also went to Columbia University Law School. He also wrote a book called The Naval War of 1812. He went to balls and operas. And was a very busy man. In 1883, Theodore went West for a year. When came back from the trip, a new baby girl was born. Unfortunately, soon after the baby was born, on February 14, in the early morning, Teddys beloved mother died. If that were not enough, Alice died of Kidney unsoundness that afternoon. Teddy, still grieving from the loss of Alice and his mother, went to the Da kota Territories for several years. He later said that he wouldnt have been the same if it wasnt for the years he spent in the Dakota Territories. When he got back from the Dakotas he married Edith Carow. In the Spanish-American war in 1898, Theodore was the commander of a cavalry known as The Rough Riders.

Land Of Desire :: essays papers

Land Of DesireThe displacements that America went through in order to become acapitalist country were very significant and are sometimes looked past. However, in the book Land of Desire, the author, William Leach extensivelygoes into many of those things. There were many things that went into thisranging from specific poeple and incidents to outside places and things. Leachshows each individual ordeal and explains the person-to-person effect that it had on theindustry, as well as how society accepted, or in some cases condemned suchthings. All of this comes from his own education and understanding of thesituation. He shows the drift into a capitalistic country as being a gradualchange in one thing that then led to another, and to another, and so on. Not tomention that many, many things took part in it. And that if such things hadnot occurred, we would not be the country that we are today.There isnt a unanimous plenteousness of information on William Leach, but he doesappear to be a very well-thought out man. This is not his only historical bookand hes also do other things, including the book True Love and PerfectUnion The Feminist Reform of Sex and Society, and editing The WonderfulWizard of Oz. That specifically shows up a number of times in Land of Desire. He refers to L. Frank Baum (the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz)throughout the book, as well as to the book itself. different than that, though,theres not much else I know about him, too bad its not exactly the mosthelpful information as far as why he thinks the way he does.Leach broke the book up into 5 major separate. The first being the prefaceand the introduction. These two parts laid out the main ideas of the book. After that, Leach went into the three main sections of the book, which end upbeing the three main steps in the transformation into capitalism. The firstentitled Strategies of Enticement, went into a little bit of history, as well as thefirst recognition of capitalism a nd were it all began. The second section,Circuits of Power, retold stories of how the public reacted to the whole thing. It also dealt with the philosophical side of capitalism. The final major sectionof the book, Managing a Dream Culture, displayed the managerial aspects ofcapitalism and the poeple behind it. Then, the last pages illustrate how the

My Walk with Nature :: Personal Narrative Writing

My Walk with Nature In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie noticed while living in the Everglades that some(a) of the Indians started leaving the township and heading east. She also noticed that the animals started to scatter as well. Janie asked one of the Indians why they were leaving and he said that there was a hurricane approaching. The park ranger that manoeuvre us on the slough slog informed the class that this is a fact. The animals as well as the sawgrass know when hurricanes are approaching. The Indians these years know when a hurricane is approaching as well. Yet, these days they most likely find out from the weather channel reports on their big-screen TVs in their casinos instead of analyzing whether or not the sawgrass is blooming It would incur been interesting to have had class this Friday to see for ourselves if the blooming of sawgrass is indeed a fact now that Hurricane Michelle is approaching. Last Friday there was an copiousness of animal sprightliness by dint ofout our slough slog since there was no hurricane threatening our coast. Two deer sprinted across the road as we were driving through the tollbooth and I scared Jose Antonio half to death as I screamed upon seeing them. He jumped up in his seat thinking I had crashed into something and was protruding to see that I was only enthusiastically pointing out a couple of deer to him. A mob of black vultures formed a roadblock on our way to the slog. I was delighted to see numerous cricket frogs, both green and brown. We could have held an apple snail bobbing contest with all the apple snails adrift(p) on the surface. I constantly had to untangle myself from spider webs that the colorful crab spiders spun between the sawgrass. Dozens of swallows sped across the sky. Anoles firmly grasped onto their sawgrass as we stampeded through their habitat. Crayfish swam circles almost my feet each clip the ranger stopped to point something out for us. Mosquito fish n ibbled at my fingers as I sat on a submerged cypress tree having our book discussion. Plus, Im for sure that for every animal that I saw there were probably a hundred more I missed. Would things still look the alike(p) this Friday? Or have the animals started evading Hurricane Michelle? My Walk with Nature Personal Narrative WritingMy Walk with Nature In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie noticed while living in the Everglades that some of the Indians started leaving the town and heading east. She also noticed that the animals started to scatter as well. Janie asked one of the Indians why they were leaving and he said that there was a hurricane approaching. The park ranger that guided us on the slough slog informed the class that this is a fact. The animals as well as the sawgrass know when hurricanes are approaching. The Indians these days know when a hurricane is approaching as well. Yet, these days they most likely find out from the weather channel rep orts on their big-screen TVs in their casinos instead of analyzing whether or not the sawgrass is blooming It would have been interesting to have had class this Friday to see for ourselves if the blooming of sawgrass is indeed a fact now that Hurricane Michelle is approaching. Last Friday there was an abundance of animal life throughout our slough slog since there was no hurricane threatening our coast. Two deer sprinted across the road as we were driving through the tollbooth and I scared Jose Antonio half to death as I screamed upon seeing them. He jumped up in his seat thinking I had crashed into something and was relieved to see that I was only enthusiastically pointing out a couple of deer to him. A mob of black vultures formed a roadblock on our way to the slog. I was delighted to see numerous cricket frogs, both green and brown. We could have held an apple snail bobbing contest with all the apple snails floating on the surface. I constantly had to untangle myself from spid er webs that the colorful crab spiders spun between the sawgrass. Dozens of swallows sped across the sky. Anoles firmly grasped onto their sawgrass as we stampeded through their habitat. Crayfish swam circles around my feet each time the ranger stopped to point something out for us. Mosquito fish nibbled at my fingers as I sat on a submerged cypress having our book discussion. Plus, Im sure that for every animal that I saw there were probably a hundred more I missed. Would things still look the same this Friday? Or have the animals started evading Hurricane Michelle?

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Teachers Educational Essays

My Philosophy of Education I always get asked why I am a chemistry major if I have no intention of working in industry. My sarcastic verbal answer is that I must non like having free time, or getting credit for four hour-long labs. The real reason is because I have a passion for education, especi whollyy in the sciences. Children argon our future and as such need to be educated. I believe one of the key reasons why the United States is the great nation that it is today is because of the educational opportunities that we offer the masses. This way, we have a larger pool for our leaders of tomorrow to be pulled from. It is our job as teachers to educate these masses and even if they dont become the leaders of tomorrow, they be going to fulfill important roles in society. We owe the American Dream to the younger generations they deserve not only the opportunities that we had, nevertheless even more opportunities. I would like to see every child pursue th e path of success and tap into their unlimited potential. While this is a howling(prenominal) dream, it is not realistic. Due to many factors such as, but most certainly not limited to learning disabilities, substance abuse, violence, incurable diseases, inadequate family involvement, not all students will come close to their actual potential. Above and beyond giving children an education in our field, we are to help them overcome these problems and to succeed in life. By giving a child an education, we are giving them a future. There are many ways in which we can overcome many of these problems. scholarship disabilities are becoming less of a disadvantage these days due to in and out of class support and diverse teaching methods. By supply to multiple intelligences and helping students find their niches in school, we are helping them stay away from drugs and violence by giving an alternate venue to express themselves. Students are usually better off if they have a family that is actively involved and supportive of their education. As educators we must plan programs for those students who are deficient in this area, we must also be supportive and supply the students with a conducive environment for education.

Delegation :: Business, Empowering Delegation

Managers coffin nail empower workers by delegating to them. mission involves the assignment of work to other people, and it is an activity inherently associated with all managerial positions (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Effective management kindle be attained through agency. Therefore, a manager must decide when to delegate. Advantages and the Potential Outcome of DelegationLearning to delegate effectively is fundamental to managers success in the workplace. A competent delegator stool empower others maximizing the organization effectiveness and efficiency. Whitten and Cameron (2007) identifies the following advantages of delegation clip, development, trust, commitment, information, efficiency, and coordination (p.467).TimeDelegation can improve managers ability to get things done. Delegation increases the discretionary clipping of the manager by freeing up some time (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). A manager schedule can be extremely hectic and the pressure can be ov erwhelming due to demands. Managers can increase their time to focusing on other task that is highly prioritized and require the manager complete attention through delegation. Not being inventd and never meeting deadline are qualities that can injure ones reputation, for the manager can be viewed as less efficient and effective in management. Through delegation, the manager can compact more out of the day.DevelopmentDelegation can increase workers effectiveness. It allows delegates to develop knowledge and capabilities (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Through delegation, workers can be challenged and this can encourage them to develop their capabilities. They can naturally develop knew knowledge and the necessary skills to cope when they are challenged with tasks that are outside of their basic job duties. By encouraging such development, it can prepare employees for future assignments and promotions. Not only does delegation benefits the employee receiving the new task, but it also benefits the manager and the organization too by enhancing effectiveness. TrustDelegation can care managers build a positive relationship with staff. It is a way of showing employees they are respected, for delegation demonstrate trust and confidence in delegates (Whitten & Cameron, 2007, p. 467). Delegation can empower employees, for when the managers seek assistance with a task it shows that the manager believes in them the manager is confident that that the employee can complete the task successful. Through trust, the manager can empower an employee to bring drive and initiative in the work. According to Whitten and Cameron (2007), individuals who felt trusted by t heir managers were significantly more effective than those who did non feel that way (p.

Reincarnation :: essays research papers

ReincarnationReincarnation is the whimsey that after death, ones soul keeps existing andis converted another person or animal. It keeps reborning until it redeems itself.Then it returns to the temple of god, which the Buddhists call "Nirvana" -eternal tranquillity. Two of the many ancient tribes who believed in spiritual rebirth are the Greeks and the Egyptians.Karma, the belief that our actions determine our future, is one of thefoundations of reincarnation. For example, a person who lived a sinful life willreturn, after death, as an animal, as opposed to a person who lived an unreservedlife, who will return as a person.Despite the resistance of many Jewish leaders, reincarnation also played arole in Judaism imputable to the Kabala who developed this idea. Some Jewishphilosophers even believed that a soul of a sinner great deal enter a live mans bodyand "posses" him. special(a) rituals were used in order to "cure" the man.T. Gomertz, a famous philosopher , thought of three very good reasons why oneshould believe in reincarnation1. It is believed that dreams are attempts of the soul to live the body. If thisis true, than the soul can leave the body and it does so when a person dies.This also means that a soul can exist without a body.2. If we assume that the soul dies with the body it is connected to, than wewill have to assume there is an endless number of souls which is improbable.3. Matter is enduring and, therefore, so is the soul. If the soul exists afterdeath, hens it had existed before birth.Gomertz believes the origin of this belief is in India, where it wasbelieved that every action had a hidden reaction, other than the obvious one.This reaction is obscure at first and is only later revealed, sometimes even inthe next life.Reincarnation in Different Cultures and ReligionsJudaism In this religion, it was believed that a sinners soul can posses aliving man. This is called an Obsession but its actually very similar toreincarnat ion.This belief only exists in Judaism. It appears repeatedly in "The Glow"which is a book compose in the 16th century. This book claims that every soulhas its purpose / mission. If this mission isnt completed, the soul returns toearth and possesses someone. It stays in this state until it either completesits mission or is banished by special rituals which are performed by the Rabby.This belief was most popular in the 16th century. At that period, in someparts, every illness was considered an obsession.